THE AWAKENING OF JAPAN
ties with Chinese or Indian thought. Some of them were called "strayed Zen," in the same sense as Sancharacharya, the Neo-Brahmanist, was accused of being a "disguised Buddhist."
Shiuki, however, through his greater leaning toward the doctrines of the Chinese sage, was recognized as the central figure of Neo-Confucianism. His Commentaries on Confucius were made official text-books by the Emperor Yan-lu of the Ming dynasty, and his school was accepted as orthodox by Iyeyasu. The general trend of Neo-Confucianism, even with Shiuki, tended to make it abstract and speculative, so that as a result its votaries differed but slightly from the followers of Buddha, making self-concentration an important part of mental exercise. The Ming scholars, with their formal-
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