CARNEGIE.
CARPENTER.
CARNtCIE f BEE LIBRARY
in Allegheny, Pa., settled in Pittsburg. In Alle-
gheny young Andrew was employed in a cotton
factory, and when the family removed to Pitts-
burgh he became a stoker. Shortly afterwards
he was em- ployed by the Ohio telegraph company as messenger, and soon rose to the position of an operator, then a clerk, and later the confidential clerk of the superintendent and manager of the telegraph lines. When an operator for the Ohio com- pany his spare time was employed by the Penn- sylvania railroad company, and in their office he mastered the details of train despatch- ing. This led to his subsequent appointment to the position of suj^erintendent of the western division of the Pennsylvania railroad. At this time he became associated with Mr. Woodruff, inventor of the sleeping car, and in this venture obtained the nucleus of his fortune. He next joined the syndicate which purchased the Storey farm on Oil Creek for forty thousand dollars, and in one year the company made from its oil wells over one million dollars. A rolling mill was his next investment, and he added steadily to his possessions until he became master of the largest and most complete system of iron and steel in dustries in the world. The relations existing between Mr. Carnegie and the thousands of work men in his employ were the subject of much inter- est to the public. He adopted at several works, the plan of paying the men on a sliding scale, based on production. In 1881 he offered to donate ^250,000 for a free library in Pittsburgh, on the condition that the city would appropriate $15,000 annually for its maintenance. The gift was accepted in 1887, and in 1890 he notified the mayor that he would increase the amount to $1,000,000, to provide more extensive buildings which would contain reference and circulating hbraries, accommodations for the exhibition of w^orks of art, assembly rooms for scientific socie- ties, and branch libraries, conditioned on the city increasing its appropriation to §40.000 an- nually. The gift was accepted in 1890, and was afterwards increased by $100,000. In 1895 he endowed the art gallery with $1,000,000, the in- terest to be used for the purchase of works of art. In 1890 Mr. Carnegie gave $300,000 to Allegheny for a public library. He gave his ■employees at Braddock, Pa., a library of 10,000 volumes in 1889, and a building in 1894. He ex-
pended several million dollars in free public
libraries in the United States and Scotland, and
received tlie degree LL.D. from Glasgow in 1901.
He published An American Foin'-in-Hand in
Britain (1883) ; Round the World (1884), Tri-
umphant Democracy (1886).
CARNOCHAN, John Murray, surgeon, was born in Savannah, Ga., July 4, 1817. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, Scot- land, and studied medicine under Dr. Valentine Mott, a distinguished New York physician. He decided to devote his attention entirely to sur- gery, and in view of this he again visited Europe, studying at several of the large European hos- pitals. Returning to the United States in 1847, he began to practise in New York, and soon won a wide reputation as a skilful surgeon, perform- ing many remarkable operations which had not hitherto been attemj^ted. He was professor of surgery at the New York medical college, and was surgeon-in-chief of the state immigrant hos- pital. Among his publications are : Elephan- tiasis Arabnm Successfully Treated by Ligature of the Femoral Artery ; A Treatise on the Etiology, Pathology, and Treatment of the Con- genital Dislocations of the Head of the Femur (1850) ; Address on the Study of Science (1857) ; ^-1 Case of Exsection of the Entire Os Calcis (1857) ; and Contributions to Operative Surgery and Surgical Pathology (1877-'86). He died in New York city, Oct. 28, 1887.
CARPENTER, Benjamin, patriot, was born at Swansea, Mass., May 17, 1725; son of Edward and Elizabeth (Wilson) Carpenter. He removed in early life to Rhode Island, where he was a magistrate in 1744, and where he was married, Oct. 3, 1745, to Annie, daughter of Abial and Pru- dence Carpenter. He settled in Guilford, Vt., in 1770, and was the first delegate from that town to a Vermont convention. He was a member of the Westminster convention in 1775, of the Dorset and Westminster conventions in 1776, and of the Windsor convention, which framed the constitu- tion of the state. In 1776 he was chairman of the Cumberland county committee of safety, and was made lieutenant-colonel of militia. In 1779 he was elected lieutenant-governor of the new state, and was re-elected the following year. He was a member of the council of censors in 1783. He died at Guilford, Vt., March 29, 1804.
CARPENTER, Charles C, naval officer, was born in Leyden, Mass., Feb. 27, 1834; son of David N. and Maria P. (Newcomb) Carpenter. He was appointed midshipman from Massachusetts, Oct. 1, 1850, and from 1851 to 1855 was attached to the sloop Portsmouth of the Pacific squadron. Dur- ing 1855-'56 he was at the naval academy, and June 20, 1856, he was promoted passed midship- man. Until 1858 he was with the home squadron
