BROVVN-SEQUARD.
BROWXSON.
Daniel Webster, and in 1864 visited America,
where he lectured and practised at both Cam-
bridge and Boston. From 1864 to 1868 he held
the chair of physiology and pathology of the
nervous system at Harvard college, and in 1869
returned to Paris, where he was made professor
of experimental and comparative pathology in
the ecole de medicine. He had established,
when in Paris in 1858, the Journal de la Physiol-
ogic de r Homme et des Animaux, and on his
return in 1869 he started another journal, which
he called Archives de la Physiologic Normale et
Pathologiqae. He remained in Paris four years,
returning to Ajnerica in 1873 to practise in New
York city, and soon after he began to publish,
in connection with Dr. Seguin, the " Archives
of Scientific and Practical Medicine." Return-
ing to France, he was called, in 18T8, to the
professorship of experimental medicine at the
College of France, to take the place of his former
teacher, Claude Bernard, and in the same year
was elected to the chair of medicine in the
French academy of sciences, from which body
he received at various times five prizes, one of
them the biennial prize of twenty thousand
francs. He also twice received a portion of the
grant set aside by the Royal society of London
for the i^romotion of science, and honors from
many other scientific bodies -were bestowed upon
him. Vivisection was necessarily used largely
in making his discoveries, and he was subject to
much adverse criticism on this account. In
1889 he created a sensation in the press, if not
in the scientific world, by announcing the dis-
covery of a process of rejuvenating man, and
restoring his vitality, by means of a subcutane-
ous injection of a peculiar composition extracted
from the organs of living animals. He gave the
results of his experiments in a special work
written in 1890. The theory that " the fibrine of
the blood is an excrementitious product, and
not subservient to nutrition, originated with
him, as did also the discovery that arterial blood
is subservient to nutrition, while venous blood
is required for muscular contraction." He also
determined by his experiments that the animal
heat of man is 103° F. He was decorated with
the medal of the legion of honor in 1880 and in
1886, and having been elected a member of the
academy of science was made its perpetual sec-
retary. His publications, contained in pamphlets,
periodicals, and cyclopaedias, were catalogued
under two hundred and nine titles in 1863.
Among his English writings are: Physiology
and Pathology of the Nervous System (1860);
Lectures on Paralysis of the Lou-er Extremities
(1872); Lecture on Functional Affections (1873),
and The Elixir of Life (1889). He died April 1,
1894.
BROWNSON, Henry Francis, lawyer and
author, svas born near Boston in 1835; son of Dr.
Orestes Augustus Brownson. He was educated
in the public schools and at the Holy Cross col-
lege, Worcester, and was graduated at George-
town college. In 1851 he went to Europe and
studied in Paris and Munich. Upon his return
to America in 1854. lie became associate editor
of Brow}ison's Quarterly Rei'ieic, and translated
Balnie's Fundamental Pltilosophy (1856). He
served as 2d lievitenant, l.st lieutenant and cap-
tain in the 3d U.S. artillery 1861-70; practiced
law at Detroit, Mich., 1870-82, and from the
latter year devoted himself to literature. He
edited and publislied the works of his father (20
vols. 1882-87) and translated froin the Italian
Francesco Tarducci's Life of Columbus. He
originated and was chairman of the Catholic
congress at Baltimore in 1889; received the de-
gree LL.D. from Notre Dame university and the
Laetave medal in 1892.
BROWNSON, Nathan, governor of Georgia, was born abont 1740. He was graduated at Yale in 1761; studied medicine and practised liis pro- fession in Liberty county, Ga., being the first phj'sician to practise south of the Ogechee river before the Revolution. He was a member of the provincial congress of Georgia in 1775 and was surgeon of the Georgia brigade in the Continen- tal line. He was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1776-'78: a representative in the state legislature, and speaker of the house in 1781; and governor of Georgia in 1782. He was again speaker of the house in 1788; a member of the state constitutional convention of 1789 and presi- dent of the state senate 1789-'91. He died in Liberty county, Ga., Nov. 6, 1796.
BROWNSON, Orestes Augustus, theologist, was born at Stockbridge. Vt., Sept. 16, 1803. His father died when he was a mere child and he was taken in charge by relatives living in Royalton, and brought up in a simple, precise and puritanic way until he was foui'teen. He then found work at Saratoga, N. Y. , and earned enough to take a coiu'se of study in the academy at Ballston. When nearly nineteen years old he joined the Presbyterian church, and three years later entered the Universalist ministry, and preached in New York and Vermont. He became editorially connected with the Christian Advocate and was later the editor of the Ph ilanthropist. He was encouraged in matters of social reform by Robert Owen, and made energetic efforts to estab- lish such an organization of the himibler classes as to make them an effective element in ijolitical life. But the times were not ripe and the move- ment failed. About this time he became inter- ested in the religious views of Dr. Channing. and in 1832 became pastor of a Unitarian congrega-
