L1^X*0LN
LINCOLN
President called for 75,000 three-months volunteers
and suuiinoned congress to assemble in extra ses-
sion on July 4, 1861. On April 17, 1861, President
Davis also called for 32,000 volunteers and offered
" letters of marque and reprisal to owners of
private armed vessels" to depredate upon U.S.
commerce; on the same day Virginia seceded,
and on April 19 President Lincoln proclaimed a
blockade of the Confederate ports, which then
included Soutli Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
Alabama. Mississippi and Louisana, and to which
were added Xortli Carolina and Virginia April 19,
and the same day the Massacliusetts troops were
attacked b}' a mob in the streets of Baltimore
and two soldiers were killed. On May 3, 1861,
President Lincoln called for volunteers for three
years; ordered the regular army increased, and
directed the enlistment of additional seamen. On
Marcli 5, 1861. the President had sent in his
nominations for his cabinet, all of which had
been confirmed. William IL Seward of New York
was named as secretary of state; Salmon P.
Chase of Ohio secretary of the treasury; Si-
mon Cameron of Pennsylvania secretary of
war; Gideon Welles of Connecticut secretary
of the navy: Caleb B. Smith of Indiana secre-
tary of the interior; Edward Bates of Missouri
attorney-general; Montgomer}- Blair of ^Maiy-
land postmaster-general. The following changes
were made in the cabinet: Secretary Cameron
resigned his portfolio to accept the position of U.
S. minister to Russia, Jan. 11, 1862, and the port-
folio of war was accepted by Edwin M. Stanton
of Pennsylvania, Jan. 15, 1862; W. P. Fessenden of
Maine was appointed secretary of the treasury,
July 1, 186-1, to succeed Salmon P. Ciiase, made
chief justice of the U.S. supreme court, and he
resigned to take a seat in the U.S. senate, and
was succeeded March 7, 1865, by Hugh McCuUoch
of Lidiana; John P. Usher of Indiana was ap-
pointed secretarj' of the interior, Jan. 8, 1863, to
succeed Caleb B. Smith, appointed U.S. circuit
judge of Indiana; James Speed of Kentucky
was appointed attorney-general Dec. 2, 1864, to
succeed Edward Bates, resigned; and William
Dennison of Ohio was appointed postmaster-
general to succeed Montgomery Blair, who
resigned at the request of the President. During
Lincoln's administrations he made the following
diplomatic appointments: minister to Great
Britain, Charles Francis Adams of Massachu-
setts; minister to France. William L. Dayton of
New Jersey, who was succeeded at his deatii in
1864 by John Bigelow of New York; minister to
Austria, Anson Burlingame of Massachusetts,
who was not received by that government on
account of his political opinions, and was suc-
ceeded by John Lothrop Motley of Massachusetts;
minister to Russia, Cassius M. Clay of Kentucky,
^y^^/t^ly^M^rh^ a2^*t.<-«'7^t^
who was succeeded by Simon Cameron of Penn-
sylvania in 1862; mmister to Italy, George P.
Marsii of Vermont; and minister to Spain, Carl
Sciiurzof Wisconsin, 1861-62, who was succeeded
by Gustavus Werner of Illinois, 1862-64, and H. J.
Perry of New Hamp-
shire, who served as
charge d'affaires un-
til the appointment
of John P. Hale of
New Hampshire in
1865. The President's .Aj,,..
message delivered be-YV
fore both houses of l(itH
congress July 4 1861, ^^J^j
went far toward re- S"^
assuring the people, y/
a large number of ^i-
whom were not with-
out uneasiness as to
the ability of the
President to meet the
crisis. He briefly stated the condition of af-
fairs, announced his intention of standing by
the statements made in his inaugural address,
and asked that congress would place at the
control of the government at least 400,000
men and .$400,000,000. To his request congress
pro'nptly responded by voting 500.000 men and
iS500.UUO,000. The early opiMations of the Confed-
erate and Federal armies were confined to Vir-
ginia and ^Missouri. The first clash of arms
between the two forces was at Pliilippi, Va.. June
3, 1861, in which the Confederates were defeated
by the Federal army under Gen. G. B. McClellan.
This was followed by the Confederate victory at
Big Bethel, Va., June 10, 1861, andby the Federal
victories at Romney, Va., June 11, 1861. and at
Boonville, Mo., June 17, 1861; the Confederate
victory at Carthage, Mo., July 5, 1861, and
their defeat at Rich Mountain, Va.. July 11,
1861. On July 20 the President summoned Gen,
George B. McClellan from western Virginia to
Washington, and on his arrival in August, 1861,
assigned him to the command of the Army of the
Potomac. On July 3, 1861, the President created
the department of the west, placing it under
command of Gen. John C. Fremont. On Aug.
31. 1861, Fremont issued a proclamation announc-
ing that lie would emancipate all slaves of those
in arms against the United States. The Presi-
dent considereil this premature and asked Fre-
mont to withdraw the proclamation, which he
declined to do, and the President annulled it in a
public order, and on Nov. 21, 1861, Fremont was
relieved of his command just as he had overtaken
the Confederate forces at Springfield, Mo. The
battle of Bull Run, Va., July 21. 1861. resulted in
a Federal defeat; the battle of Dug Spring, Mo.,
