PACKARD
PACKARD
years. He also contributed to and jointly edited
several volumes of its Collections, and was a
honorary member of the Roj-al Historical society
of London, of the New York Historical society,
and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences. He received the degree of D.D.
from Bowdoin in 1860. He contributed to the
North A))ierican Review, the Bibliotheca Sacra,
and to Aniials of the American Piilpit. He edited:
History of Bowdoin, tciih Biographical Sketches
(1882); Works of the Rev. Jesse Applcton trith a
Memoir (2 vols., 183&-37); Xenophon's Memora-
bilia of Socrates icitli English j/o^es (1839), and
published several addresses. See " Memorial:
Alpheus S. Packard." by George T. Little (1880).
He died at Squirrel Island.:viaine. July 13, 188-4.
PACKARD, Alpheus Spring, naturalist, was born in Brunswick, Me., Feb. 19, 1839; son of the Rev. Alpheus Spring and Frances Elizabeth (Ap- pleton) Packard. He was graduated at Bowdoin, A. B., 1861, A. M., 1862, M. D., 186-4; studied natural history under Louis Agassiz in the Law- rence Scientific school. Harvard university, 1861- 64, receiving the de- gree S. B., 1864, and served for a time as an assistant in Agas- siz Museum. He made a summer voyage to Labrador with the Williams College
Greenland expedition under Professor Chad- bourne in 1859, and inducted members of his class on a summer voyage to the Bay of ^J^// ■//? ^ p Fundy in 1860. He -^^J^^yC^ (y; [J^coc^^a^ was an assistant on the Maine geological sxirvey, 1861-62, and discovered a deposit of fossils which determined the age of the rocks in the Fish River region, and visited northern Labrador with William Bradford, the artist, during the summer of 1864, after- ward publishing various papers on the zoology and geology of that coast. He was assistant surgeon in the Ist Maine Veteran Volunteers, Army of the Potomac, 1864-65. He was married in October. 1867, to Elizabeth Derby, daughter of Samuel B. Walcott of Salem, Mass. He was act- ing custodian and liljrarian of the Boston Society of Natural History. 1865-66; one of the organiz- ers of the Peabod}' Academy of Science in Salem, Mass., of wiiich he was one of the curators. 1868- 76, and the director of its museum, 1877-78. He discovered in 1867 the traces (glacial striae) of glaciers in the White mountains, which radi- ated from Mount Washington; the morphology
and mode of development of the ovipositor and
sting of insects; the nature of the spiral thread
of the tracheae of insects; the structure of the
eyes and brains of blind insects, etc., and the
brick-red or renal glands of the king crab. He
established a summer school of biology in Salem,
and in 1868, with Hyatt, Morse, and Putnam,
founded the American Naturalist, of which he
was editor-in-chief, 1808-88. He made zoological
collections on the Florida reefs and also at Beau-
fort, N.C., 1869-70, at Charleston, S.C, in 1871,
in Cuba in 1886, and in Mexico, ascending to the
summit of j\It. Popocatepetl in 1885. In 1889 he
traveled througii Morocco, Algeria, and in Egypt
up to the first cataract of the Nile. He was state
entomologist of Massachusetts in 1871-73, and
lectured on entomology at the Massachusetts
State college, 1869-77, and at the Maine State
Agricultural college in 1871. He was an instruc-
tor under Agassiz in the Anderson School of Nat-
ural History, Penikese Island, near New Bedford,
Mass., 1873-74, serving also for a time as dean of
the faculty, and was connected with the U. S.
fish commission, for two seasons dredging off the
New England coast. He was lecturer on natural
history at Bowdoin, 1871-74, and was connected
with the U. S. geological and geographical survey
of the territories under Ferdinand V. Hayden,
1875-77. He was a member of the U. S. entomo-
logical commission, 1877-82, and during the sum-
mers of 1877-80 made extensive tours in the
western and Pacific states and territories ascer-
taining the extent of the breeding grounds and
distribution of the locust. He was elected pro-
fessor of zoology and geology at Brown univer-
sity in 1878. He received the degrees of Ph.D.
in 1879 and LL.D. in 1901 from Bowdoin college.
After 1870 he advocated a modern form of La-
marckism, to which he gave the name of Neo-
Lamarckism, and, with Hyatt and Cope, was
one of the founders of that .school of evolutional
thougiit in America. He was elected a member
of the National Academy of Sciences in 1872;
was an honorary president of the International
Zoological Congress of Paris in 1889; vice-presi-
dent, Section of Zoology, of the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science (1898), and
became a member and correspondent of twelve
European and many American scientific socie-
ties; among them the Linnean Society of Lon-
don, the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, the Natural History societies of
Vienna and Mo.scow, and the Entomological soci-
eties of London, Paris, St. Petersburg. Stock-
holm and Brussels. His bibliography comprises
more than 400 titles, and includes papers on the
classification, anatomy and embryology of in-
sects, on tiie anatomy of the king crab (Limu-
lus), on fossil Crustacea, on the eyes of trilo-
