8. The Cow in the third year.—The young cow of course possesses the same youthful appearance already referred to as characterizing the "spike" bull. The hair ou the shoulders has begun to take on the light straw-color, and has by this time attained a length which causes it to arrange itself in tufts, or locks. The body colors have grown darker, and reached their permanent tone. Of course the hair on the head has by no means attained its full length, and the head is not at all handsome.
The horns are quite small, but the curve is well defined, and they distinctly mark the sex of the individual, even at the beginning of the third year.
Bison americanus. (Young cow, in third year. Taken October 14, 1886. Montana.)
(No. 15686, National Museum collection.)
| Feet. | Inches. | |||
| Height at shoulders | 4 | 5 | ||
| Length, head and body to insertion of tail | 7 | 7 | ||
| Depth of chest | 2 | 4 | ||
| Depth of flank | 1 | 4 | ||
| Girth behind fore leg | 5 | 4 | ||
| From base of horns around end of nose | 2 | 812 | ||
| Length of tail vertebræ | 1 | -- | ||
9. The adult Cow.—The upper body color of the adult cow in the National Museum group (see Plate) is a rich, though not intense, Vandyke brown, shading imperceptibly down the sides into black, which spreads over the entire under parts and inside of the thighs. The hair on the lower joints of the leg is in turn lighter, being about the same shade as that on the loins. The fore arm is concealed in a mass of almost black hair, which gradually shades lighter from the elbow upward and along the whole region of the humerus. On the shoulder itself the hair is pale yellow or straw-color (Naples yellow+yellow ocher), which extends down in a point toward the elbow. From the back of the head a conspicuous baud of curly, dark-brown hair extends back like a mane along the neck and to the top of the hump, beyond which it soon fades out.
The hair on the head is everywhere a rich burnt-sienna brown, except around the corners of the mouth, where it shades into black.
The horns of the cow bison are slender, but solid for about two-thirds of their length from the tip, ringed with age near their base, and quite black. Very often they are imperfect in shape, and out of every five pairs at least one is generally misshapen. Usually one horn is "crumpled," e. g. dwarfed in length and unnaturally thickened at the base, and very often one horn is found to be merely an unsightly, misshapen stub.
The udder of the cow bison is very small, as might be expected of an animal which must do a great deal of hard traveling, but the milk is said to be very rich. Some authorities declare that it requires the
