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Kinsey: Gall Wasp Genus Cynips
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Area | Cretaceous | Eocene | Miocene | Pliocene | Pleistocene | Living oak flora | |
North Atlantic States— | |||||||
District of Columbia | x | x | |||||
Maryland | x | x | x | x | x | ||
West Virginia | x | x | |||||
Pennsylvania | x | x | |||||
New Jersey | x | x | x | x | |||
New York | x | x | |||||
New England— | |||||||
Vermont | x | x | |||||
Greenland | x | x | |||||
Iceland | x | ||||||
Spitzbergen | x | ||||||
South America | x | Mts. of Colombia |
The ancient history of Cynips is first of all to be read in the characters and distribution of the six existent subgenera. The range of each subgenus is shown on the accompanying map (fig. 7), and the data are further summarized:
Subgeneric Ranges of Cynips
Subgenus | Species | Range |
Cynips | 11 | Europe, Mediterranean Africa and Asia, possibly elsewhere in Asia. |
Antron | 12 | U. S. Pacific Coast, California-Oregon, undescribed
species in southern Arizona. |
Besbicus | 8 | U. S. Pacific Coast, California-British Columbia. |
Philonix | 8 | U. S., Arizona-Atlantic Coast. |
Atrusca | 12 | Mexico; U. S., Arizona-Atlantic Coast. |
Acraspis | 42 | Mexico; U. S., Arizona-Atlantic Coast. |
These subgenera clearly represent two groups, which may be distinguished as follows:
1. Agamic female with hypopygial spine distinctly broad, very broad in Besbicus; wings normally 1.50 to 1.60 times the body length; all galls with nutritive, protective, more or less solid parenchyma and simple
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