does, however, dispute the claims of astrologers accurately to foretell the future by the stars, since the fates of twins or those born at the same moment are so diverse.[1]
Philastrius (d. before 397 A. D.) dealing with various heresies, denounces those who do not believe the stars are fixed in the heavens as "participants in the vanity of pagans and the foolish opinions of philosophers," and refers to the widespread idea of the part the angels play in guiding and impelling the heavenly bodies in their courses.[2]
It would take a brave man to face such attitudes of scornful indifference on the one hand and denunciation on the other, in support of a theory the Church considered heretical.
Meanwhile the Church was developing the homocentric notion which would, of course, presuppose the central position in the universe for man's abiding place. In the pseudo-Dionysius[3] is an elaborately worked out hierarchy of the beings in the universe that became the accepted plan of later centuries, best known to modern times through Dante's blending of it with the Ptolemaic theory in the Divine Comedy.[4] Isidore of Seville taught that the universe was created to serve man's purposes,[5] and Peter Lombard (12th cent.) sums up the situation in the definite statement that man was placed at the center of the universe to be served by that universe and in turn himself to serve God.[6] Supported by the mighty Thomas Aquinas[7] this became a fundamental Church doctrine.
An adequate explanation of the universe existed. Aristotle, Augustine, and the other great authorities of the Middle Ages, all upheld the conception of a central earth encircled by the seven planetary spheres and by the all embracing starry firmament. In view of the phrases used in the Bible about the heav-
- ↑ Augustine: Civitate Dei, Lib. V, c. 5, (v. 41, p. 145).
- ↑ Philastrius: De Hæresibus, c. 133, (v. 12, p. 1264).
- ↑ Pseudo-Dionysius: De Cælesti Ierarchia, (v. 122, p. 10354).
- ↑ Milman: VIII, p. 228-9. See the Paradiso.
- ↑ Isidore of Seville: De Ordine Creaturarum, c. 5, sec. 3, (v. 83, p. 923).
- ↑ Lombard: Sententia, Bk. II, Dist. I, sec. 8. (v. 192, p. 655).
- ↑ Aquinas: Summa Theologica, pt I, qu. 70, art. 2. (Op. Om. Caietani, V, 179).
