that of feeling dismayed when assailed, either by words of hatred or contempt, or by an evil smell (Dugañċhā). The remaining three minor faults (Puruṣaveda, Strīveda, Napuṁsakaveda) remind us how completely the Jaina ascetic has parted with love and affection, for if he be a true monk, he must form no friendship even with another monk, and similarly no nun may desire the companionship of another nun, or a neuter of a neuter. Though these nine minor faults are sins that the ascetic is specially bound to shun, they also show the things that the layman will do well to avoid, for the over-indulgence in any of them will result in rebirth.
Six results affecting class of jīva.Sin will further affect the class of beings into which one is born in the next incarnation, for the Jaina draw no barriers between animal and human lite, and the result of sin in this life may be to accumulate a force (Tiryañċ anupūrvī) which will cause one to be reborn on the next occasion as a beast or a bird (Tiryañċ gati) or as a one-sensed, two-sensed, three-sensed, or four-sensed being (Ekendriya nāma, Be-indriya nāma, Tri-indriya nāma, Ċorendriya nāma).
Six physical blemishes.Sin also results in personal ugliness of various kinds. If one sees some one who walks in a very ugly way like a camel or a donkey, one knows at once that it is the result of sin (Aśubha vihāyogati); certain ugly diseases (Upaghāta nāma), such as boils under the tongue, diseases of the throat, teeth dropping out, or curvature of the spine, are caused by sin. Indians very much admire a complexion of the colour of ripe wheat and dislike a very dark skin; and Jaina believe that complexions are the result of conduct in a past life, and that a really black skin is the fruit of sin (Aśubha varṇa). So is an unpleasant bodily smell (Aśubha gandha), unpleasant bodily essence (Aśubha rasa), and a skin that is unpleasant to the touch (Aśubha sparśa). The general result of beliefs of this kind is to dry up sympathy for sufferers from bodily defects.
Sin also results in loss of bodily strength, and to under-