1 62 Journal of Philology. and ra Kara uofiov [which we have before shown to have been familiarly used by the Sophists] in order to mystify those with whom they argued, and lead them astray from the real point at issue : " their rule being to meet an opponent who was speaking Kara <f>v<riv (of things, that is, as they really are, according to their true nature) with an answer Kara vdpov (ac- cording to the customary or conventional notions of them) and vice versa'* If ol dpxalot does not here mean "the old Sophists," Gorgias, Protagoras, Polus, &c, it can only mean the " old philosophers," a sense which it sometimes bears in Aristotle (comp. de Anim. in. 3, p. 51. 18. Bekk.) ; but not a word of what follows would be true of them. Further, continual reference is made to cpiortKol or dya>vicmKo Xoyoi ; for example, c. 2, 165. b. 7, 11 ; which are identified with o-cxpicrriKoi Xoyot, and defined 1. c. ol e/c rav (paivofievtov ivbo^atv prj ovtcov be o-vKkoyiorucoi r] (paivopevoi (rv- XoytaTiKoi : (every thing about their arguments is sham :) comp. C 11, p. 171, b. 25, ol flU OVV TTJS vUt)S aVT1,S X^P lV TOlOVTOt CplOTlKOl av6pamot. Koi (pikeptbes doKova-iv tlvai, ol de 86r]s X^P lv ^^ * s XP'7/ xaTt0 7 x , ' o~o<pioTiKol. So that the cpioriKoi Xoyot differ from the o-o<pio-riKoi not in the nature of the arguments themselves, but only in the purpose for which they are employed ; the latter being used by those who make a trade of philosophical discussion, 816 cpaivopi- vtjs a7roSei|o)ff i<pUvrai. These ipiariKol Xoyot are precisely those ascribed to the Sophists by Plato, sometimes under the same name, sometimes by the equivalent terms dvrikoytKos, dyavurriKos. Sophist. 225. b. c. Phileb. 17. a. Men. 75. c. Phsed. 90. b. c. 91. a. 101. e. Rep. v. 454. a. The persons who are designated by these various names have all the same character, viz. that they are not true philosophers ; that they have no serious scien- tific purpose in view, but talk merely for the sake of show and of gaining the victory by any means in argument : and by this they are distinguished from the Platonic fadkeKTiKoi, the true men of science : and precisely to the same effect is Aristotle's description, C. 11. p. 172. a. 34, drc^i/wr yap /ierc^ouo-t rovrov ov evTfxvas q SiakcKTiKij foTiv. And finally, all this <jmivop.ltrq o-ocpia with its <paiv6p.cvoi cXcyxot, and o~vXXoyi07*ot, and diro&dfcets, and its epiariKol Xoyot viKJjs fj bo&s x^P lv f 19 m strict accordance with the Protago- rean doctrine by which "to be" and "to seem to be" are iden- tified. Theait. 166. d. Compare Metaph. m. 2. 1004. b. 17. So much for Aristotle's opinion of the Sophistical method of
