Origin of the Place-Name " Keswick " 223 clearly to be ON. -vik, for the following reasons: There are in Cumberland two other names that end in -wick in the modern form: Renwick and Warwick. There are three in the neighbor- ing Westmorland: Butterwick, Cunswick, and Sedgewick. Ren- wick, older Ravenwick, is from ON. Hrafnvfk: Warwick, older Wardwyk, is uncertain. Sedgefield derives from OE. weardswic; Cunswick (cp. Cunswick Hall) is from ON. Konungsvik. Cp. the Norwegian place-name Kongsvik ; Sedgewick, older Siggiswyk, is from ON. Siggisvik; Butterwick, older Buterwik and Buthers- wic, is to be derived from a Norse-English personal name Buter or Botere, which appears as Buterus in the Doomsday Book. And in other parts of Scandinavian England, i.e. the major part of the Danelaw, the ending -wick enters into a number of place-names, the first element of which is a personal name. Outside the region of Scandinavian settlements the ending -wick or -wich<OE. wic is of infrequent occurrence. The corresponding ending -vik, was common in Denmark and Nor- way, especially in southwestern, western, and northern Norway; in the volumes of O. Rygh's Norske Gaardnavne dealing with these regions names in -vik occur on almost every page. I regard the older recorded forms of Keswick, namely Kesewik, Keswyk, Kesswik, as reductions of Kelswik, a name which possibly remains in Kelswick House in Camerton, Cum- berland County. This name may be directly from OSc. Kcell, Kell, a contraction of Ketill and occurring especially in com- pounds, a fact which tended to the use of Kell, in place of Ketill, also as a simple name. The substitution of the contract form of this name seems to have occurred especially frequently in the Scandinavian communities in England, so that the test of Danish origin which very early occurrences of the short form Kell afford, falls if the earliest recorded instances are from the llth and the 12th centuries. Finally the contraction may of- course have taken place in the place-name itself (i.e., Kelswik < Ketelswik). Of the reduction of the consonant group Is there are examples in other Northern English place-names, as Ousby < Ulsby<Ulvesby, Ulvsby, = ON. Ulfsby. Other names of places with the same first element are: Kettlesby, variants, Ketilby
and Ketelsby; Kettleston and Cheteleston; Ketelwell and Chetel-
