the water. Living representatives of such Blastæads, namely, globular gelatinous colonies of cells enclosing a cavity, are Volvox and Magosphæra.
5. The Blastula of most animals assumes a new larval form called Gastrula, in which the essential characteristics are that a portion of the blastoderm by invagination converts the Blastula into a cup with double walls, enclosing a new cavity, the primitive gut. This invagination or bulging-in obliterates the original inner cavity of the Blastula. The outer layer of the Gastrula is the ectoderm, the inner the endoderm; both pass into each other at the blastoporus, or opening of the gut cavity. The Gastrula is a stage in the embryonic development of the various great groups of animals, and some such primitive form as ancestral to all Metazoa is thus indicated. This hypothetical Gastræa is still very essentially represented by the lower Cœlenterates—e.g., Olynthus, Hydra.
6. The sixth stage—that of the Platodes,
