from spreading to districts apparently well suited for its home, and until recently the turtle dove and great crested grebe were checked in their northward advance.
In the evolution of some routes land-bridges certainly appear to have played their part: but once those bridges have ceased to influence direction the shortening of the time occupied by the lengthening of the single oversea flight is only a question of generations when an advantage to a species is to be gained.
This subject will he further dealt with in connection with the actual passages performed by certain birds.
The study of migration, based on observations at our lighthouses and lightships, shows that even in the comparatively small area of the British Islands there are certain routes followed with regularity. The birds which pass along our western coasts of England and Wales do not as a rule follow the shores round Cardigan Buy or along the eastward tidal scoop of the Irish Sea towards the coasts of Lancashire; the main body passes from Pembroke to the Lleyn Peninsula, and thence to Anglesey and the Isle of Man, on its way to the southern Scottish shores.
A source of possible error in the method of deduction from these results must be taken into con-
