spent a month in the autumn of 1901, he noticed birds passing at heights varying from 20 to 200 feet, all flying southwards, He concluded that "the Wind is certainly the main factor in migration meteorology I am convinced that the direction of the wind is, in itself, of no moment to the emigrants, for they flitted across the Channel southwards with winds from all quarters" (16). When the velocity of the wind, however, was above 28 miles per hour (a fresh breeze, force 5 on the Beaufort scale), no migration was observed.
Allowing this, and also taking into consideration the undoubted fact that birds are frequently held up by strong winds on the shore before starting oversea journeys, is there any proof that they do not actually avail themselves of fairly steady strong winds when they reach the upper air?
Mr F. J. Stubbs makes some useful suggestions (50). He points out that Gätke and others imagine that a bird flying with the wind would suffer inconvenience through the wind ruffling up its feathers. It is surely evident that a bird supported in a moving medium could not progress at any slower rate than that medium; the bird is not flying on one stratum of air with another moving with a different speed immediately above it; it is actually in a current, not on it. If the bird flies at 20 miles an hour, and the wind or moving air is progressing at 10 miles an
