simple and harmonious and resembles the Japanese in structure, but is quite distinct in vocabulary. It has been reduced to writing only recently. The Rev. John Bachelor has compiled an Aino grammar and dictionary, and translated the New Testament into the tongue. The Aino religion, originally a rather primitive nature-worship, with the cult of the bear especially prominent, and their folk-tales, have evidently received some additions from Japanese sources in historical times. In the last few years some of the Tsuishikari Aino have become Buddhists of the Monto sect, and a few others in the region of Piratori have become Protestants. A good account of the Aino (with bibliography) was published by Professor Hitchcock in the Report of the United States National Museum for 1890. Since then the most important literature about them is to be found in the anthropological studies of Koganei (lS93-'94) and Landor's Alone with the Hairy Ainu (1893). Baelz, in the Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie for 1901, considers that the amount of Aino blood in the Japanese outside of Yezo has been much underestimated. He notes also the increasing intermixture of Japanese and Aino, and foresees the ultimate disappearance of the latter, not by extinction, but by natural amalgamation with the former. This amalgamation is favored by the gradual abandonment of ideas about their alleged mental inferiority. (See Japan, paragraph Ethnology.) In addition to the works cited in the text, consult: Gritlis, The Mikado's Empire (New York, 1876); Bird, Unbeaten Tracks in Japan (London, 1885); Chamberlain and Bachelor, Aino Studies (Tokio, 1887); Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (Yokohama, 1374-98).
AINSLIE, ānz′lī, Hew (1792-1878). A Scottish-American poet, born at Bargeny Mains, Ayrshire. While a clerk in the register house at Edinburgh he acted as amanuensis to Professor Dugald Stewart. He emigrated to the United States in 1822, and joined for a year Robert Owen's venture at New Harmony, Ind. (See Harmonists.) He subsequently went into business. His numerous dialect poems had extended his reputation to Scotland, where he was enthusiastically received by literary folk in 1864. These poems, many of which were highly esteemed by Sir Walter Scott, were collected and edited by a friend, W. Wilson (1855). Some of them are also to be found in Wilson's Poets and Poetry of Scotland (1876).
AINSWORTH, ānz′wûrth, Frederick Crayton (1852—). An American soldier, born at Woodstock, Vt. He was appointed assistant surgeon, United States Army, in 1874, and in 1891 major and surgeon. In 1892 he was promoted to be colonel and chief of the Record and Pension Office, and in that capacity introduced the index record-card system, by means of which the history of every soldier is made readily available. He was promoted to be brigadier-general in 1899, and appointed editor of the Official War Records.
AINSWORTH, Henry (1571-1623). An English scholar and divine. He was driven from England by proscription in 1593 because he was a Brownist, and lived in poverty in Amsterdam until, in 1596, he became teacher in the church there of the Brownists. Though never forward, he was the most steadfast, resolute, and cultured champion of the principles of civil and religious freedom represented by the nonconformists in Great Britain and America. While fighting for freedom from hierarchical tyranny, Ainsworth pursued his Hebrew studies, and for a long time biographers had two Henry Ainsworths, one the learned rabbinical student, the other the arch-heretic and leader of the Separatists; but the two were one man. His most notable work is A Defense of the Holy Scriptures, Worship and Ministry used in the Christian Churches separated from Anti-Christ, against the challenges, cavils, and contradictions of M. Smythe in his book entitled "The Differences of the Churches of the Separation" (Amsterdam, 1609). He wrote notes on all the books of the Pentateuch, the Psalms, and Solomon's Song. There is a story, not probable, that he was poisoned by Jews.
AINSWORTH, Robert (1660-1743). An English lexicographer, author of a Latin dictionary which was once extensively used. He was born near Manchester and taught school in London. He began his dictionary in 1714; it was first published in 1736.
AINSWORTH, William Francis (1807-96). An English physician, geologist, and traveler. He was born in Exeter, and graduated in medicine at Edinburgh in 1827. He then traveled in France, and prosecuted geological investigations in the Auvergne and Pyrenean mountains. On his return in 1828 he conducted the Journal of Natural and Geographical Science, and delivered lectures on geology. In 1835 he was attached as physician and geologist to the Euphrates expedition under Colonel Chesney, and returned home in 1837 through Kurdistan, the Taurus, and Asia Minor, visiting the latter again the following year. He published Researches in Assyria (1838). He also published The Claims of the Christian Aborigines in the East (1843) and Travels in the Track of the Ten Thousand Greeks (1844). He was for a time editor of the New Monthly Magazine. He was a member of many learned societies.
AINSWORTH, William Harrison (1805-82). An English novelist, born at Manchester. His creative fancy began early to show itself in ballads and tales, which appeared in the local newspapers and in contributions to the London Magazine and other periodicals. He first studied law, but tiring of that, he began a publishing business in London, and that did not succeed. His first novel was Sir John Chiverton (1826); his second, Rookwood (1834), was very favorably received. Crichton (1837) and Jack Sheppard (1839) followed soon after. He edited Bentley's Miscellany for a time; in 1842 began his own Ainsworth's Magazine, and from 1853 edited the New Monthly Magazine. Some of his other works are: Lancashire Witches (1848); Star Chamber (1854); Cardinal Pole (1863); John Law, the Projector (1864); The Spanish Match (1865); Merrie England (1874); and Beau Nash (1880). All his works, and particularly his earlier ones, were remarkably popular in England. Their publication began when the inane "fashionable novel" was the staple, and they presented an agreeable contrast. The historical element, together with the scenery of his native country, is prominent in most of them. Analysis of character or motives had no place in his works; his strength was in the vividness
