open to the casualties of northern war, whether on a large or small scale, as has been especially seen since 1848. Near the town stands the castle of Brimdlund, built by Queen Margaret in 1411, in which the bailiff of the place resides.
APE'PI or APO'PHIS. The name of two Egyptian kings of the Hyksos Djmasty. (See Hyksos.) Little is known of either, and only a few scanty memorials of them have been foimd. Under Apepi I., whose date is very uncertain, science and letters seem to have flourished. The celebrated Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, a sort of practical handbook for the solution of arith- metical and geometrical problems, bears a colo- phon stating that the manuscript was copied, in the thirty-third year of this king, from an origi- nal written in the reign of Amenemhat III. Apepi II. flourished about B.C. 1650, and several monuiments exist bearing his name. A papyrus in the British Jluseum ( Sallier I.) contains a legendary account of the breaking out of a war about religious matters between Apepi and Se- quenen-ree. Prince of Thebes. It would seem, therefore, that Egyptian tradition regarded Apepi II. as the Hyksos ruler in whose reign be- gan the long war for the independence of Egypt.
APEREA, a-pa're-a. See Cavt ; and Guinea-pig.
APE'RIENTS. See Laxative; Purgative.
APET'ALOUS. See Flower.
A'PEX (Lat., the extreme end of a thing; point, summit ) . A term used in mining to des- ignate the outcropping edge of a mineral vein or lode. As interpreted legally, it is not necessary that the edge of the vein should project above the surface of the ground, but simply above the surface of the inclosing bedrock, and both vein and bedrock may therefore be covered by soil or drift. The term outcrop in the legal sense, as used above, does not agree with the geological application of the term in all cases; for if a ein dips nearly parallel with a sloping surface, and may be exposed at a point below the apex, due to an irregularity in its dip, this second ex- posure, while constituting an outcrop in the geo- logical sense, would not be one legally. Accord- ing to the Revised Statutes of 1872, a miner hav- ing the apex of a vein within the boundaries of his claim, is allowed to follow it along the strike until it intersects the end lines of his claim ex- tended vertically do^-nward. On the dip, how- ever, he is at liberty to follow it indefinitely, even if it extends outside the vertical side lines of his surface location. This prohibits another person from sinking to the first party's vein from a point outside the latter's surface claim. This apex rule has led to many lawsuits, some of which were costly, involving property worth several million dollars. Thus, where two veins join below the surface and each is worked by a different party, both may endeavor to claim pos- session of the true apex, but under the apex law slighter pretenses are sometimes used by one person to gain ownership of another's vein. See Lode; Mining Claims; Outcrop; Dip: Strike: Ore Deposits; and consult: Barringer and Adams. The Law of Minra and Mining in the Vniti',1 States (Boston. 1S!17).
APEX OF THE SUN'S WAY. A term used to denote that point in the constellation Her- cules toward which the sun's motion in space is at present directed. See Stabs.
APHANIP'TERA. An order of insects, which includes the fleas, distinguished from the Diptera by having the three segments of the thorax "distinct and nearly equal, the two last rings (mesothorax and metathorax) bearing short, leaf-like appendages; and mouth-parts adapted for piercing."
APH'ANITE. See Diokite.
APHASIA, a-fa'zhl-a or -zl-a (Gk. 'A0aa-ia, speechlessness, from d, a, priv. +<(>a.>iai. phanai, to speak). A term used to denote certain derange- ments of speech which are the results of certain disease or injury of the mechanism of speech. This mechanism is complicated, but it funda- mentally consists of two parts, the receptive part and the emissive. When there is inter- ference with the former, sensory aphasia is the result, while motor aphasia is the conse- quence of trouble with the latter. The chief types of sensory aphasia are word-deafness and word-blindness, wh-ile the chief motor aphasias are motor vocal aphasia and motor writing aphasia, or ayraphia. The mechanism of speech has been built up gradually in the course of evolution, and consists of a number of centres in the brain. The motor speech-area is in the third frontal convolu- tion (Broca's convolution), and injury to this part of the brain or of the nerve ti"acts leading from it to control the motions of the tongue and lips produces motor vocal aphasia. With this affection the person may know what he wislies to say. but is unable to say it : he may be able to talk, but not say the word he wishes. All grada- tions of this affection, from slight to severe forms, exist, and it is one of the connnonest forms of aphasia. The auditory centre, or centre for audi- tory memories, or thai portion of the brain which intellectually hears and understands spoken speech, is in the first temporal convolution. Any defect of this centre, or of the fibres which go from it to the motor speech centre, produces what is known as word-deafness. In this form the person may hear perfectly well, may read and speak, but does not understand spoken language. It is as though he were listening to a foreign language. The sounds of the words convey no meaning to him. There are varying degrees in this affection as well, from slight attacks in which only certain words lose their significance, to complete loss of the understanding of spoken language. The third centre is that of the optical mechanism by which the printed or written word is understood. This centre is located in the occipital lobes, and disease or injury of its cells or of the fibres which lead from it to the motor speech centre produces word-blindness. In this form of aphasia the person, although capable of seeing, does not comprehend what he sees. Words might .as well lie written in Chinese characters : he would understand them as c. lie is capable of talking and of repeating aloud what is said to him, or of ^^Titing what may be said or what he reads. In this latter case he would be copying only. In a fourth t^-pe of aphasia, agraphia, which is not considered a true aphasia by many, the person is unable to write what he desires to write. He is capable of going til rough the motions of writing, but not understandingly. Aphasia is a symptom of many brain troubles. The most important cause is some type of hemorrhage into the lirain substance, involving these areas. Tumors, injuries of the brain, exhaustion, and some of the insani-
