defeat he withdrew his own division, amount- ing to 40,000, from the field, and succeeded, though with great difficulty, in forcing his way through the wilds of Thessaly, Macedonia, and Thrace to Byzantium, where he crossed to Asia. Subsequently he acted as negotiator between the Spartan Pausanias and Xerxes. Another Ar- tabazus was general under the Persian King Artaxerxes Mnemon, and revolted against Arta- xerxes Ochus in B.C. 350. For this offense he appears to have been forgiven, and subsequently we find him accompanying Darius Codomannus after the battle of Arbela. On the murder of the King, Artabazus attached himself to Alex- ander, who rewarded his fidelity by appointing him satrap of Bactria.
ARTAGNAN, D', dar'tii'nyiiN'.
The hero of Dumas's Trois mousquetaires, Vingt ans après, and Le Vicomte de Bragelonne. He is chiefly known in modern times as a well-drawn character in these novels; and the Gascon adventurer who goes to Paris to seek his fortune, winning his way by his sword, his genius for intrigue, and the aid of his three friends. Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, is among the most popular heroes of fiction, both on and off the stage. But he was also an actual historical personage of note. Charles de Baatz de Castelmore, Count d'Artagnan, was born in 1611 or 1612. By 1654 he had risen to be captain in the Guards. When the musketeers were reëstablished in 1657, he was made sous-lieutenant; but as the nominal head of the corps, the Duke de Nevers, paid no heed to his duties, he was practically its commander-in-chief, becoming actual capitaine-lieutenant in 1667. His most noteworthy official act was the arrest of the all-powerful minister, Fouquet, in 1661. He was made maréchal-de-camp (brigadier-general) in 1672, and fell in June of the following year at the siege of Maestricht.
ARTAN'THE. See Matico.
AR'TAPHER'NES (Gk. Ἀρταφέρνης). A Persian general, who. with Datis, commanded the Persian army that invaded Greece (B.C. 490) and was defeated at Marathon (q.v.). He led the Lydians and Mysians in the expedition of Xerxes against Greece in B.C. 480.
ARTAX'ATA (Gk. Ἀρτάξατα, Armen. Artasat). The ancient capital of Armenia, on the
Araxes, where Hannibal took refuge when Antiochus could no longer protect him. The Carthaginian is said to have superintended the building of the city, which was named from the King Artaxais I. about B.C. 180, on the site of an older city, Armavir. It was destroyed by the Romans (A.D. 58), rebuilt by Tiridates, and called Neronia, in honor of Nero, who had granted the kingdom to Tiridates. It was taken and partly destroyed by the Persians in 370. and in 450 it was the seat of an ecclesiastical council, over which Joseph, the patriarch, presided. The ruins of the city are now called Ardashir.
AR'TAXERX'ES (Gk, WfyraSepSvc, Old Pers. Artiixiu-flrd. "whose kingdom ( j?.i!(ji?r« ) is right
{arid)." The name of three of the ancient Per-
sian kings of the Achnemenian dynasty (see
Achæmenes). The same title, under its later
and changed form of Artakhshatar, or Ardashir
(q.v.), reappears as the name of three sove-
reigns of the Sassanian dynasty. See Sassanidæ.
The first of the ancient monarchs of the name is Artaxerxes I., surnamed Longimanus, or Μακρόχειρ, from the Persian Dirāzdast, 'the long-handed.' Whether this designation referred to an actual physical peculiarity or to the extent of his empire is uncertain. He was the son of Xerxes, and he ruled over Persia. B.C. 465-424. The Egyptian revolt which broke out in the first part of his reign was suppressed about B.C. 455. The hostilities which existed between Persia and Greece were checked by the victory which the Hellenic arms gained over the Persian forces in Cyprus, B.C. 449, and a truce was arranged on the initiative of Artaxerxes. During his reign the Peloponnesian War in Greece broke out (B.C. 431). Artaxerxes died in March, B.C. 424, on the same day as his wife Damaspia. His name is preserved on a tablet which he caused to be inscribed in the palace at Persepolis, and it has been found also on a porphyry vase.
Artaxerxes II., surnamed Mnemon, from his tenacious memory, was a grandson of the preceding, and was King of Persia B.C. 404-358. He is the most important of the three kings of the name; and he is best known to history because of the revolt of his brother. Cyrus the Younger, which resulted in the fateful battle of Cunaxa (B.C. 401), as described by Xenophon (q.v.) in the Anabasis. Artaxerxes rebuilt the royal palace at Susa, and his inscriptions mention the Zoroastrian divinities Anahita (see Anaïtis) and Mithras (q.v.), which fact is of interest in regard to the question of his faith. His life is included among Plutarch's biographies.
Artaxerxes III., or Ochus ( Old Pers. Vahuka), son of the preceding, and King of Persia B.C. 358-37. He was the contemporary of Philip of Macedon. Ochus was a weak and despotic ruler, enough proof of which was given by his behavior when he subdued Egypt, about B.C. 350. His policy throughout was largely guided by his shrewd and influential eunuch Bagoas, at whose hands, through poison, he ultimately lost his life.
ARTEDI, -ir-ta'de,
Peter (1705-35). A Swedish naturalist. He was born at Anund, Sweden, February 22, 1705, and studied at Upsala, where he and Linnæus became youthful friends. Resolving to reform the existing systems of classification, Artedi gave his attention to fishes and Linnæus to plants. He was drowned at Leyden, September 21, 1735. At the time of his death he left materials for his Ichthyologica, which Linnæus edited and published, together with a life of the author, in 1738. A new edition appeared in 1788, and a part of it was expanded and reissued, edited by Schneider, in 1789. under the title Synonomia Piscium. According to Cuvier. the great work of Artedi is the first named, which gave a truly scientific character to the study of fishes. The only error of any magnitude which occurs in it is the inclusion of the Cetacea among fishes. Artedi was also a distinguished botanist. He was the first to indicate, as a special characteristic, the presence or absence of involucra in the umbelliferous plants, whose species are so difficult to distinguish from each other. Linnæus named a genus of these, in memory of his friend, Artedia.
AR'TEGAL. The personification of justice in the Faerie Queene. The character is also supposed to represent Lord Grey, Spenser's patron.
