to light the foundations of the earlier temple of Pisistratus.
Not far from the Olympieum, across the Ilis- sus, was the Stadium, laid out in a hollow be- tween low parallel hills. The ground inclosed by the seats is 070 feet long by 100 feet wide. The Stadium seems to have been constructed by the orator Lycurgus, about B.C. .330, but was later reljuilt in white marble by Herodes Atticus, about A.D. 140. Host of this structure was burned for lime during the Middle Ages; but at the celebration of the Olympic Games in 1898 it was refitted, in part with marble, by the liberality of JI. Averoff, a Greek of Alexandria.
For the topography and monuments of ancient Athens, consult: Stuart and Revett, Antiquities of Athens (Lpndon, 1.702-1816); Leake, Topog- raphy of Athens (London, 1841); Wach.smuth, Die Stadt Atheti im Alterthum (Leipzig, 1874- SO) ; Harrison and Verrall, Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens (London, 1890) ; Curtius, Htttdtyeschichte von Athen (Berlin, 1801), which contains a very valuable classified collection of ancient passages relating to this sub- ject by Milchhiifer; Frazer, Paiisanias, Vols. I., n. (London, 1S98). Pausanias (q.v.) gives an account of the monuments of Athens in his day, and the works of Frazer and Hiss Harrison in- clude a translation of his text and full com- mentary. Valuable also is the work of Lolling in Midler's Bandhuch dcr klassischen Altcrtums- u-issenschaft. Vol. IIL ( Jfordlingen, 1889) ; and Milchliiifer in Baumeister's Denkmaler dcs Klass Altertums, Vol. I. (Munich, 1885). For the Acropolis, consult: Botticher, Die Akropolis von Athen (Berlin, 1888), and Miller, in American Journal of Archceology, Vol. VIII. (Baltimore, 1893) ; also, Curtius and Kiepert.Atlas von Athen (Berlin, 1878). Athenian history is treated in the general histories of Greece. Aristotle wrote on the Constitution of .thens, and his work, first published in 1891, has been translated by Kenyon (London, 1891). Other important works are: Botsford, Development of the Athenian Constitu- tion (Boston, 1893) ; and Wilamowitz-Mollen- dori, Aristoteles und Athen (Berlin. 1893) . For Athens during the Roman period and later, con- sult: Finlay, History of G-reece (Oxford, 1877) ; Hertzberg, ".-l/7ieii (Halle, 1885). Other works of special value are: Laborde, Athcnes aux XVeme, XVIeme, et XVIIcine sircles (Paris, 1855) for its collection of documents; Gregoro- vius, Geschichte der fftudt Athen im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1889). Consult also: Dyer, Ancient Athens (London, 1873) ; C. Wordsworth, Athens and Attica (London, 1869) ; Synionds, Sketches in Italy and Greece (London, 188'2) ; Freeman, Historical Essays, Scries III. (London. 1892) ; Horton, Modern' Athens (New York, 1901) ; Bike- las, "L'Athfenes d'aujourd'hui," in Revue d'ctudes grecgucs. No. XI. (Paris, 1898); Ferguson "Bibliograpliy of Works Referring to Athens," in The Athenian Secretaries (New York, 1898).
ATHENS. A town and county - seat of
Limestone County, Ala., about 85 miles north of
Birmingham, on the Louisville and Nashville
Railroad (Map: Alabama, CI). Population, in
1890. 940: in 1900. 1010. During the Civil War,
while held by Federal forces, it was twice at-
tacked by the Confederates. On September 23,
1864. Colonel Campbell, with 600 Federal troops;
surrendered to CJeneral Forrest, at the head
of a large force of Confederate cavalry. The
Confederates soon evacuated, however, and, on
October 2-3, a small Federal force under Colonel Slade repulsed the attack of a superior Confederate force under General Buford.
ATHENS. A city and the county-seat of
Clarke County, Ga., on the Oconee River, 73
miles east by north of Atlanta, and, on the
Southern, the Central of Georgia, the Georgia,
and the Seaboard Air Line railroads (Map:
Georgia, C 2). The city is an important cotton
market, and contains several cotton mills be-
sides other manxifaetories. Here are situated
the University of Georgia, opened in 1800, the
Georgia State College of Agriculture, organized
in 1872, the Luc.y Cobb Institute for Girls, and
a State normal school. The city owns and oper-
ates its water-works. The government is vested
in a mayor, elected for two years, and a city
council. Athens was founded, as the seat of
the State University, in 1800. Population, in
1890. 8639: in 1900', 10,245.
ATHENS. A village, the county-seat of
Athens County, Ohio, 40 miles southwest of
ilarietta. on the Hocking River, and on the Bal-
timore and Ohio Southwestern, the Toledo and
Ohio Central, and other railroads (Map: Ohio,
F 7 ) . Athens has manufactures of lumber and
brick. It is the seat of the Ohio State University,
opened in 1809, and of a State asylum for the
insane. Settled in 1797, and incorporated in
1811, Athens is governed, under a charter of
1828, by a mayor, elected every two years, and
a village council. The water-works are owned
and operated bv the municipalitv. Population, in
1890, 2620; in 1900, 3066. Consult C. M.
Walker, History of Athens County (Cincinnati,
1869).
ATHENS. A toai and county - seat of
McMinn County, Tenn., 56 miles northeast of
f Chattanooga, on the Southern Railway (Map:
Tennessee, G 5 ) . It is the seat of the U. S. Grant
University (Methodist Episcopal), opened in
1867. contains a fine court-house, and has
planing, cotton, and woolen mills, etc. Athens
was incorporated in 1868. Poimlation, in 1890,
2224: in 1900. 1849.
ATHENS. The county - seat of Henderson
County. Tex., 75 miles southeast of Dallas, on
the Saint Louis Southwestern and the Texas and
New Orleans railroads (Map: Te.xas, G 3). It
is in a region adapted to cotton, fruit, and vege-
table growing, which contains deposits of coal.
It has cotton gins, cotton-seed oil mills, and
extensive manufactures of potterv, and brick
and tile. Population, about 3000."
ATHENS OF AMER'ICA, The. or The Modern Athens. A name given to Boston, Mass., in the day of her literary preeminence, and still hers by reason of a fine appreciation of culture, notwithstanding that the literary centre has shifted.
ATHENS OF THE NORTH, The. A complimentary title sometimes applied to Edinburgh on account of its intellectual distinction — a title formerly better deserved than now. The name is suggested, too, by the picturesqueness of the site, and by a certain classical grace, as along Princes Street. Copenhagen is another European city so styled.
ATHENS OF THE WEST, The. The title bestowed upon Cordova (q.v.), the Spanish seat
of Arab culture in the Middle Ages.
