realis (Boston, 1873); Fritz, Verzeichniss von Beobachtungen des Polarlichtes (Vienna, 1873); Rubenson, Catalogue des aurores boréales ob- servées en Suède (Stockholm, 1879-82). The reports of the various international expeditions for the observation of meteorology and magnet- ism in the polar regions during 1881-83 fill about 30 volumes, of which one-fourth treat of the aurora. The Belgian and other expeditions to the Antarctic contain a small but relatively im- portant contribution from that region. The pioneer work in this line was that done by the French Expédition du Nord (1838-42), whose volumes on auroras were prepared by Bravais and Martius. The question of the altitude of the aurora has been reviewed by C. Abbe in an article under that title, published in Terrestrial Magnetism (Baltimore, 1900).
AURORA LEIGH, le. A novel in blank verse,
by Mrs. Browning (q.v.), which tells of the
childhood of a young girl; the death of her
Italian mother; her return to her father's Eng-
lish home; her gradually passing despair in
her new surroundings; her love for her cousin,
Romney Leigh; her melancholy disillusions, and
lier final marriage with him. Written during
Mrs. Browning's early married life in Florence,
it was published in 1857. She subsequently
wrote of this poem that it was "the most mature
of my works — the one in which my highest con-
victions of work and art have entered."
AURUNGZEBE, n'rung-zeb', or AURANGZIB (Hind., 'ornament of the throne'). The
last great Emperor of the Mogul dynasty in
India. He was born October 22, 1618, and died
February 21, 1707. He was the third son of
Shah Jehan (q.v.), and in religion he was a
bigoted Sunni. He was set by his father over
the Mogul Deccan, while his elder brothers,
Dara and Shuja, resided respectively at Agra,
with the court, and in Bengal. The youngest
brother of Aurungzebe, named Murad, was viceroy
of Gujerat. In 1657 Shah Jehan fell seriously
ill, and a contest for the throne was immediately
begun by his sons. Aurungzebe, by a mixture
of duplicity and fanaticism, outwitted his
brothers, the two elder of whom he murdered,
and made his father a prisoner in his own palace
of Agra, and kept him so until the death of
the latter, possibly by foul play, in 1665. The
usur]ier assumed the title of Alumgir, or 'con-
queror of the world.' The reign of Aurung-
zebe, which began in 1658, was troubled, al-
most as soon as it had begun, by the opposition
of a Mahratta chieftain from the mountains of
Konkan, named Sivaji. Treachery was employed
against this wily foe in vain, for he remained
independent until his death, in 1680. A religious
war against the Rajah of Udaipur. which dragged
on for several years, resulted unsuccessfully for
Aurungzebe. who was forced to abandon his
military operations in Rajputana in 1682 on
account of an abortive rebellion of his son Akbar.
Between 1682 and 1689, however, Aurungzebe
conquered the sultans of Bejapur and Golkonda,
and thereby brought the Moguls into touch with
the English at Madras. The closing years of
Aurungzebe's long reign were full of sorrow, and
it is noteworthy that he alone, of all the Mogul
emperors. forbade the composition of any history
of his reign. Despite the external pomp and
ceremony the Mogul Empire was tottering to its
fall. The treachery of Aurungzebe alienated Mohammedan Shiites from him, while his religious bigotry won for him the undying hatred of the Hindus, whose faith he had insulted and had endeavored to exterminate. Consult Stanley Lane-Poole, Aurungzib (London, 1893).
AUSABLE, 6-s;i'b'l. A town in Clinton County, N. Y., on the Ausable River, a short distance west of Lake Champlain. Population, in 1890, 2532; in 1900, 2195.
AUSABLE CHASM. A deep, narrow gorge, two miles in length, worn by the Ausable River in the hard quartz sandstone of the Potsdam formation, popular for its scenic attractions. The rocks of the neighborhood are traversed by numerous faults or lines of displacement, along which lines the hard rocks have been to some extent crushed and broken. The river has taken advantage of these lines of weakness, and has worn its zigzag course to a depth, in places, of 175 feet along the almost vertical fault planes, thus affording an excellent example of the relation between faults and lines of drainage.
AUS'CULTA'TION (Lat. auscultare, to lis-
ten). A mode of exploration — by listening — of
the condition of the heart, the lungs, the pleura,
the (Esophagus, certain arteries and veins, the
abdominal organs, the gastro-intestinal tract, and
the gravid uterus. Diseases, especially those
of the heart and lungs, may be detected by listen-
ing to the sounds produced in the cavity of the
chest. This is done either by the unassisted
ear (immediate auscultation) or by the aid of
a simple sound-conveying instrument, the stethoscope (q.v.) (mediate auscultation). The nor-
mal sounds produced by respiration and the
beating of the heart are readily distinguished
by the trained ear from the several abnormal
sounds indicating disease. Auscultation is one
of the most important means of diagnosis. Hip-
pocrates had observed the friction-sound in dry
pleurisy as well as succussion in pyopneumo-
thorax. Auenbrugger (q.v.) of Vienna, in 1761,
introduced percussion (q.v.), and Piorry (q.v.)
of France invented the pleximeter. Both proba-
bly appreciated some of the facts of auscultation.
But Laennec (q.v.), in 1816, was the first to
demonstrate the great value of auseulation and
to introduce it into general use. Raynaud, in
1829, and Collin, in 1831. added respectively to
our knowledge of pleuritic friction and ])cricar-
dial friction. (See Perci'SSIox.) According to
the views, however, then generally held by physi-
cians, the sounds produced by auscultation and
percussion were capable of directly revealing the
nature of diseases. In 1839 Skoda (q.v.), in his
Abhandlung über Auskultation und Perkussion,
demonstrated that those sounds were in the first
instance only manifestations of peculiar phys-
ical states in the body. Being directly produced
by cei'tain diseases, those states, and not the
sounds caused by them, must be considered as
the true symptoms from which the character of
diseases can be inferred. Consult: Guttmann,
Handbook of Physical Diagnosis, translated by
Napier (New York, 1880); Flint, Manual of
Auscultation and Percussion (Philadelphia,
1883).
AUSGLEICH (ous'gltK) OF 1867, The. The agreement or treaty between Austria and Hungary which forms the basis of the political organization of the dual monarchy, Austria-Hun-
