eral aid was invoked, and President Grant formally recognized Baxter, Republican, as the lawful governor. In 1874 a new constitution was adopted. It marked a radical change in the existing law and was in the main a return to ante-bellum conditions. Of recent years the prosperity of the State has increased with the development of its rich mineral resources. Since 1876 the Democrats have been victorious in State and national elections; the congressional delegation as a rule is solidly Democratic. The electoral vote has been cast as follows: in 1836 and 1840, for Van Buren and Johnson, 3; 1844, Polk and Dallas, 3; 1848, Cass and Butler, 3; 1852, Pierce and King, 4; 1856, Buchanan and Breckenridge, 4; 1860, Breckenridge and Lane, 4; 1864, no vote; 1868, Grant and Colfax, 5; 1872, 6 votes not counted; 1876, Tilden and Hendricks, 6; 1880, Hancock and English, 6; 1884, Cleveland and Hendricks, 7; 1888, Cleveland and Thurman, 7; 1892, Cleveland and Stevenson, 8; 1896, Bryan and Sewall, 8; 1900, Bryan and Stevenson, 8.
The following is a list of the governors of Arkansas from the date of its organization as a Territory:
| TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS. | |
| James Miller | 1819-25 |
| George Izard | 1825-29 |
| John Pope | 1829-35 |
| William S. Fulton | 1835-36 |
| STATE GOVERNORS. | ||
| James S. Conway | Democrat | 1836-40 |
| Archibald Yell | “ | 1840-44 |
| Samuel Adams | “ | 1844 |
| Thomas S. Drew | “ | 1844-48 |
| John S. Roane | “ | 1848-52 |
| Elias N. Conway | “ | 1852-60 |
| Henry M. Rector | “ | 1860-62 |
| Harris Flanagan | “ | 1862-64 |
| Isaac Murphy | Republican | 1864-68 |
| Powell Clayton | “ | 1868-71 |
| Ozro A. Hadley | “ | 1871-72 |
| Elisha Baxter | “ | 1872-74 |
| Augustus H. Garland | Democrat | 1874-77 |
| Wm. R. Miller | “ | 1877-81 |
| Thomas J. Churchill | “ | 1881-83 |
| James H. Berry | “ | 1883-85 |
| Simon P. Hughes | “ | 1885-89 |
| James P. Eagle | “ | 1889-93 |
| William M. Fishback | “ | 1893-95 |
| James P. Clarke | “ | 1895-97 |
| Daniel W. Jones | “ | 1897-01 |
| Jefferson Davis | “ | 1901 — |
Bibliography. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletins (Fayetteville, 1896, et seq.); Arkansas Climate and Crop Service Monthly Reports (Little Rock, 1896-1900); Arkansas Common School Commissioner Report (Little Rock, 1857); Arkansas Department Biennial Report of the Secretary (Little Rock, 1882-1898); Arkansas State Lands, Commission of, Biennial Report for 1876-78 (Little Rock, 1878); Arkansas Levee and Railroad Construction Bonds Committee, Report of Special Committee of House of Representatives (Little Rock, 1873); Harvey, Minerals and Rocks of Arkansas, Catalogue of species (Philadelphia, 1886); Lewis, Natural Resources of Arkansas (Little Rock, 1869); Hillyard, The New South (Baltimore, 1887); Monette, Discovery and Settlement of the Valley of the Mississippi (New York, 1846).
ARKANSAS, University of. A State institution, situated at Fayetteville, Ark. It was founded in 1872, and has a medical and a law school at Little Rock, Ark., and a branch normal college at Pine Bluff. It is supported by the aid of the Federal and State endowments and appropriations, and has an income of about $70,000, grounds and buildings valued at $300,000, and a library of about 10,000 volumes. In 1901 there were 37 professors and instructors and 1150 students, distributed in the several departments as follows: Collegiate, 302; medical, 240; preparatory, 340; law, 21; normal training, 247. President, John L. Buchanan, A.M., LL.D.
ARKANSAS CIT′Y. A city in Cowley Co., Kan., 55 miles south by east of Wichita; on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé, the Missouri Pacific, the St. Louis and San Francisco. and other railroads (Map: Kansas, F 4). It is near the confluence of the Arkansas and Walnut rivers, which are connected by a canal which furnishes water-power for manufacturing. The city is the centre of a highly productive agricultural and stock-raising country; manufactures, flour, lumber, windmills, mattresses, ice, yeast, carriages, and creamery products; and from its location near the southern boundary of Kansas, has an important trade with the Indian agencies and military posts in Indian Territory and Oklahoma. The principal features of interest are the United States Indian School, the high-school and opera-house buildings, two parks, with several bridges across the canal and the Arkansas and Walnut rivers. Settled in 1870, Arkansas City was incorporated the following year. It is governed under a revised charter of 1880, which provides for a mayor, biennially elected, and a city council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 8347; in 1900, 6140.
ARKANSAS RIV′ER. Next to the Missouri, the largest affluent of the Mississippi River (Map: United States, Eastern Part, G 3). It rises in Central Colorado, flows east into Kansas, and out again east of the middle of the south boundary of the same State, southeast across Oklahoma and Indian Territories, and diagonally across Arkansas, bisecting it into nearly equal parts, and emptying into the Mississippi. The river is about 2000 miles long, navigable for 650 miles, and drains an area of 188,000 square miles. Much of the water in its upper course is used for irrigation purposes. In Fremont County, in Central Colorado, it flows through the Royal Gorge, one of the deepest cañons in the United States. In its upper course the current is very rapid, but in its lower portion the bed is sandy and broad. It receives the Salt Fork and Cimarron from the west in Oklahoma, and in the Indian Territory the Canadian from the west and the Verdigris and Grand rivers from the north.
ARKANSAS STONE. See Novaculite.
ARK′LOW. A small seaport town of County Wicklow, Ireland, about 50 miles south of Dublin (Map: Ireland E 4). Near the town is Shelton Abey, the seat of the Earl of Wicklow. In the uprising of 1798 the Irish were defeated here by the British. The population, mainly engaged in fishing, is gradually decreasing. In 1871 it was 5178; in 1891, 4172.
ARK OF THE COV′ENANT, Ark of the Testimony, Ark of Yahweh (or Jehovah), or Ark of God. According to the data furnished in the Bible, this was one of the most important
