Thomson, "The Physical Geography of Australia, in Smithsonian Report for 1896 (Washington, 1898); Earl, Contributions to the Physical Geography of Southeastern Australia (London, 1853); Bartholomew, Physical and Political Atlas (New York, 1890); Berghaus, Physikalischer Atlas: Meteorologie (Gotha, 1895); Hann, Handbuch der Klimatologie (Stuttgart, 1897); Bonwick, Climate and Health in Australasia (London, 1886).
Flora and Fauna. — Aflalo, Sketch of the Natural History of Australia (London, 1897); Kent, The Naturalist in Australia (ib., 1897); Bentham and Mueller, Flora Australiensis, 7 vols. (ib., 1863-78); Hooker, On the Flora of Australia (ib., 1859); Brown, Miscellaneous Botanical Works (ib., 1866-67); Schomburgk, Flora of South Australia (Adelaide, 1875); Turner, Australian Grasses (Sydney, 1895); Mueller, Eucalyptographia (Melbourne, 1879-84), a descriptive atlas of the Eucalyptus of Australia and the adjoining islands; Fitzgerald, Australian Orchids (Sydney, 1875-85); Harvey, Phycologia Australica (London, 1858-63), a history of the Australian seaweeds; Mueller, Fragmenta Phytographiæ Australiæ (Melbourne, 1858-77); Cooke, Handbook of Australian Fungi (London, 1892); Guilfoyle, Australian Botany (Melbourne, 1884); Wallace, The Geographical Distribution of Animals (London, 1876); Heilprin, The Geographical and Geological Distribution of Animals (ib., 1887); Gould, The Mammals of Australia (ib., 1863); id., The Birds of Australia, 7 vols. (ib., 1848); Krefft, The Snakes of Australia (Sydney, 1869), a descriptive catalogue of all known species.
Geology. — Suess, Das Antlitz der Erde, Vol. III. (Leipzig, 1885); Neumayr, Erdgeschichte (ib., 1895); "Address including a Sketch of our present knowledge of the Geological History of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, from the Archæan Time down to the commencement of the Permo-Carboniferous Period," Proceedings of the Linnæan Society (Sydney, 1894); Agassiz, A Visit to the Great Barrier Reef of Australia in the Steamer Croyden, in 1896 (Cambridge, Mass., 1898); Geological Survey of Victoria, Report of Progress (Melbourne, 1873, et seq.); Jack and Etheridge, The Geology and Palæontology of Queensland and New Guinea (Brisbane, 1892); Tate, A Century of Geological Progress in Australia, an address (Adelaide, 1893). Consult also the Government Reports of the Geological Survey in the several States.
Agriculture and Industries. — Wallace, The Rural Economy and Agriculture of Australia and New Zealand (London, 1891); Rowland, "The Economic Resources and Prospects of the Australian Commonwealth" in Economic Review, Vol. XII. (London, 1902); Coghlan, A Statistical Account of the Seven Colonies of Australasia (Sydney, 1900); The Year-book of Australia (London, 1881, et seq.).
Anthropology and Ethnology. — Smith, Aborigines of Victoria (London, 1878); Fison and Howitt, Kamilaroi and Kurnal (Melbourne, 1881); Dawson, Australian Aborigines (ib., 1881); Curr, The Australian Race (ib., 1886); Lumholtz, Among Cannibals (New York, 1890); Roth, Ethnological Studies Among the Northwest-Central Queensland Aborigines (Brisbane, 1897); Mathew, Eaglehawk and Crow (London, 1899); Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia (ib., 1899); Matthews, articles in American Anthropologist (New York, 1896-1901).
History and Discovery. — Howlitt, History of Discovery in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand from the Earliest Times (London, 1865); Favenc, The History of Australian Exploration from 1788 to 1888 (ib., 1892), Parkes, Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History (ib., 1892); Rusden, History of Australia (Melbourne, 1897); Finney, The History of the Australian Colonies (Sydney, 1901); Anrep-Elmpt, Australien. Eine Reise durch den ganzen Weltteil (Leipzig, 1886); Giles, Australia Twice Traversed (London, 1889); Grey, Two Expeditions of Discovery in Northwestern and Western Australia (London, 1841); Early Voyages to Terra Australis, Hakluyt Society (London, 1859); and, for more recent works, Grimm, Discovery and Exploration of Australia (Melbourne, 1888); Calvert, Discovery of Australia (London, 1893); id., Exploration of Australia (ib., 1895).
AUSTRA'LIAN ASH. See Flindersia.
AUSTRALIAN BAL'LOT. See Ballot.
AUSTRALIAN BEECH. See Gmelina.
AUSTRALIAN FED'ERA'TION. On January 1, 1901, the five Australian colonies of Great Britain, together with Tasmania, united to form a Federal State under the name of the Commonwealth of Australia. The movement toward federation had its beginnings probably as early as 1850, though the first step toward consolidation was not made till 1885. The union of the Australian colonies was favored by the fact that in the main they possessed a homogeneous population, with the English-speaking race predominant, and almost identical political institutions. Economic differences there prevailed to a certain extent, as, for instance, between New South Wales, which possessed a large urban population and a highly developed industrial system, and South or Western Australia, occupied almost exclusively by a mining population. Nevertheless this difference in wealth between different sections of the continent could not, and in the end did not, prove an insuperable obstacle toward the attainment of an object which so many other causes united to favor. The first important advance toward federation was made in 1885, when the Federal Council of Australasia was created by act of the Imperial Parliament. This body, which was composed of two delegates from each of the five Australian colonies, and from New Zealand, Tasmania, and Fiji, was endowed with certain limited powers in minor legislation and the administration of justice; but in its very nature it was merely an advisory body, possessed of little authority to impose its will upon the different colonies, and although it continued in existence until the institution of the new Commonwealth, in 1901, its usefulness had ceased long before that time. In 1891 a National Convention, assembled at Sydney, declared in favor of Australian union and laid down the principles upon which the new Commonwealth should be based, the fundamental idea being that of a Federal Government with ample powers over foreign affairs, customs, and public defense, but circumscribed in its scope by the provision that all powers not expressly granted to the Central Government remained vested in the States. No definite result, however, followed the action of the Convention until 1895, when a conference of colo-
