ments have been made in its condition and ap- pearance. Bacup owns its water-works and maintains public markets, parks, baths, and cemeteries. It also has a sewage farm for the utilization of the town refuse. It has a me- chanics' institute, library-, and a fine market- house, opened in 1867. Bacup has extensive cot- ton and woolen factories, dye-works, brass and iron foundries; and there are numerous coal- mines in the neighborhood. Cooperative stores on a large scale are carried on. Population, in 1801, 23,498; in 1901, 22,505.
BADAGAS, ba-da'gaz. One of the Dravidian
tribes of the Nilgiri Hills in Southern India,
somewhat shorter, darker-skinned, and longer-
headed than the Todas, and probably less mixed
with Aryan blood. They are not a disappearing
people, but, aided by the policy of the Indian
Government, hold their own, though burdened
by the easte-svstem. Their name is said to sig-
nify 'northerners,' which indicates comparatively
recent migration. They are monogamous, and
liave some curious marriage customs. ( See Dravi-
ijiANS.) Of recent literature since Shortt's "Tribes
of the N^eilgherries," in the Transactions of the
Ethnological Society of London for 1869, may be
mentioned: Breeks, An Account of the Primitive
Tribes and Monuments of the Nilagiris (London,
1873) : Reclus, Primitive Folk (Eng. trans.,
New York, 1891) ; and Oppert, On the Original
Inhabitants of Bharatavarsa, India (Eng. trans.,
London, 1894).
BADAGRY, bii'da-gre'. A seaport of South-
ern Nigeria, British West Africa, situated west
of Lagos, with which it is connected by lagoons.
It was formerly the capital of a negro kingdom,
and during the Portuguese occupation was an
important slave-trading centre, with a popula-
tion of 10,000. Since then it has diminished in
importance and in population.
BADAJOZ, bii'da-hos', S/J. pron. b-i'na-Hoth'
(ancientlv, Lat. Pax Augusta, 'Peace of Augustus' or BatalUum, which the Moors turned into Bax Attgos, Bathaljus^ Badaljoz, whence Badajoz). An important town, seat of a bishopric, and capital of the Spanish province of the same
name (Map: Spain, B 3). It is situated about
5 miles from the borders of Portugal, in a fertile district, on the left bank of the Guadiana, which is here crossed by a granite bridge of 32 arches. It is strongly fortified: and has a militarv hospital, an arsenal, and the old
Cathedral" of San Juan, built about the middle
of the Thirteenth Century, with a splendid organ,
and paintings by Mateo, Cerezo, and Morales.
The last named" was born at Badajoz. Considerable trade is carried on with Portugal, and there are manufactures of soap, coarse woolens, leather, hats, and delft-ware. Population, in
1887, 27,300: in 1897, 28,900. As one of the
keys of Portugal, Badajoz has often been a place
of impc)rtanxe in war. It was besieged in vain by
the Portuguese in 16G0, and again by the Allies
in the War of the Spanish Succession, in 1705.
During the French War. Badajoz was besieged by
the French in 1808 and in 1809, and again in
1811, when it surrendered, March 11, to Soult. It
was thrice besieged by the English under Well-
ington, and finally taken by storm, April 6, 1812.
BADAKHSHAN, hii'daKshan' (Pers., Hind.
bad, region, district -f Oxus, river) . A district of
northeastern Afghanistan, lying directly north of
C'abul, on the edge of the Pamir Plateau. The
Amu Darya or Oxus River flows along its north-
western border. The capital is Faizabad. It is
a region of great fertility. The inhabitants are
in great part Tajiks, a Persian-speaking Aryan
race. They are Mohammedans — Shiites in the
mountains and Sunnites in the plains. The
population is estimated at 100,000. One of
their chief occupations is man-stealing — their
captives being chiefly Kafirs and Chitrali from
the Indian side of the Hindu-Kush. The people
of Badakhshan seem to have been always under
the immediate rule of their own chiefs, at the
head of whom was the Ameer. They have gen-
erally, however, formed part of some great
empire. In the Eighteenth Century Badakhshan
constituted a part of the empire of Nadir Shah,
after whose death it became suljject to the
Afghans. After many revolts and changes it was
confirmed to Afghanistan by the Anglo-Russian
agreement of 1873. Consult: Yule, Marco Polo
(London, 1871); Vambery, Central Asia (Lon-
don, 1874).
BADALONA, ba'da-lo'na (Baetulo, Betiilo of
the Romans). A seaport town of Spain, in the
Province of Barcelona, 5 miles by rail north-
east of the city of Barcelona (Map: Spain, G 2).
It is situated in a fertile region ; has orange-
growing, wine-making interests, mechanical in-
dustries represented in shipyards, glass-works,
sugar and petroleum refineries, chemical-works,
etc. A considerable coastwise trade is carried on.
Population in 1887, 15,974; in 1897, 18,075.
BADDECK' (from the Fr. Bedeque for Ind.
Ebcdck) . A seaport, fishing village, and favorite
summer resort on Cape Breton Island, Lake
Bras d'Or, and the capital of Victoria County,
Nova Scotia, Canada (Map: Nova Scotia, .13).
It is celebrated by Charles Dudley Warner in
Baddeck. and That .S'orf of Thing (Boston,
1874). Population, in 1901, 1235.
BADEAU, ba-do', Adam (1831-95). An
American soldier and author. He was born in
New York City, was educated in Tarrytown,
N. Y., and in 1862 entered the Federal Army as
an aide to Gen. T. W. Sherman. In ilay, 1863, he
was severely wounded while leading an assault
on Port Hudson (q.v.), and in ilarch, 1864, be-
came military secretary to General Grant, on
whose stafi' he served until 1869, when he retired
from the service with the regular rank of colonel
and the brevet rank of brigadier-general. He
was afterwards secretary of legation in London
(18C9), consul-general there from 1870 to 1881,
and consul-general at Havana from 1882 to 1884.
In 1877 and 1878, he accompanied General
Grant on a portion of his tour around the
world. He published a collection of essays en-
titled The Vagabond ( 1859) : .4. Military History
of Ulysses .<). Grant, 3 vols. (1867-81) : Conspir-
acy: A Cuban Romance (1885) ; Aristocracy in
England (1886) ; and Grant in Peace (1886).
BADEBEC, bad'bek'. In Rabclais's Panta-
grucl, the wife of Gargantua and mother of
Pantiigruel. She died at his birth, after bring-
ing forth at the same time 900 dromedaries, 7
camels, and a number of wagons, all laden with
provisions.
BADEN, ba'den. A grand duchy of the German Empire, the fourth State in size and the fifth in population, situated at the southwestern
