commissioners. The elementary schools, which are almost exclusively public, number over 1600. The schools for secondary education number about 100, excluding the numerous trade-schools, seminaries, teachers' institutes, etc. Religious freedom is guaranteed to every citizen, and all the churches represented receive State aid. In military affairs, Baden is under the control of the Federal Government, and its military contin- gent constitutes almost the entire Fourteenth Army Corps of the Empire.
Population. The population of Baden in 1900 was 1,860,584, compared with 1,657,867 in 1890. In 1810 Baden had 1,000,000 inhabitants, .and has therefore almost doubled its population in a century. Of the total population, a little over 61 per cent, are Roman Catholics, 37 per cent, are Protestants, and about 1 per cent. Jews. The population is very homogeneous, nearly 99 per cent, being German (including 91 per cent, natives of Baden) and only 1 per cent, foreign. A comparison of the two industrial censuses of 1895 and 1882 reveals clearly the tendency in the economic development of the country. The pro- portion of the population engaged in agriculture shows a decrease for 1882-95 of 7 per cent.; while the proportion engaged in manufacturing and other industries shows an increase of 3 per cent. for the same period, with a corresponding in- crease in the number engaged in commerce and transportation and in persons without occupa- tion.
History. The original inhabitants of Baden were the Alemamii. They were conquered by the Franks under Clovis in 496, and were Christian- ized. They made repeated attempts to regain their independence, but in vain ; and the dukedom of the Alemanni was abolished in 748 by Pepin the Short. In the Eleventh Century, Uuk'e Berthold, a supposed descendant of the Alemannian Gott- fried, built the castle of Ziihringen in Breisgau, and with him begins the unl)roken line of the princes of the house of Ziihringen. Berthold's second son, Hermann, took the title of Margrave of Baden, and became the founder of the still flourishing house of Baden. He died in 1074. The history of this house presents for several generations little else but a succession of parti- tions of the territories among brothers, to be again and again reunited upon one or other of the collateral branches becoming extinct. The prosperity of the country was thus greatly re- tarded. From the time of the Reformation there existed two lines, those of Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach, which were united in 1771. The present capital, Karlsruhe, was built in 1715 by the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, Charles Wil- liam. His grandson, Charles Frederick, favored the policy of Napoleon and joined the Confedera- tion of the Rhine. By this move he doubled his possessions in extent and population, and ac- quired successively the titles of Elector and Grand Duke. In 1811 he was succeeded by his grandson, Charles Louis Frederick, who," five years before, had married Stephanie, an adopted daughter of Napoleon. After the battle of Lei])- zig this prince seceded from the Confederation of the Rhine, and (1815) joined the German Confederation.
In 1818 the Grand Duke Charles granted the charter which forms the basis of the present con- stitution. He was succeeded in the same year by his uncle, Louis, who was inclined to absolut- ism, and had to contend at first with a powerful opposition. He succeeded, in 1825, in carrying through an alteration of the Constitution." ex- tending the duration of the diets; after which the Government and the chambers acted more harmoniously. Louis died childless (1830), and was succeeded by his half-brother, Leopold. The known liberal tendencies of tliis prince promised at first a new life to constitutional government ; but the tide of reaction, which became strong after the failure of the Polish insurrection and the fall of Warsaw in 1831, soon seized upon the Government, and the act establishing the freedom of the pres.s, which had been passed in 1831, was in 1832 declared abrogated. A fluctuating con- test between a reactionary Government and a growing opposition was carried on till 1846, when the Constitutionalist Bekk was made min- ister of the interior, and liberalism thus placed at the helm. The first effect was to calm the public mind, and to cause a split between the Liberals and the Radicals. The ninth parliament met (December, 1847) under the most friendly and promising auspices, but the French Revolu- tion of February, 1848, suddenly aroused the Radical party to the most violent activity. Not satisfied with a multitude of liberal measures passed by the legislature, the revolutionary lead- ers, Hecker and Struve, aimed at establishing a republic, and stirred up an insurrection. The army sided with the insurgents, the Grand Duke fled, and a constituent assembly was called. The Grand Duke had recourse to Prussian aid, and. after several battles, was reinstated on his throne. LIpon the whole, the reactionary tendency was less marked in Baden than in most other Ger- man States. In 1859 a conflict between the authorities of the State and the Roman Catholic hierarchy ended in favor of the latter; in 1861 the complete independence of the Catholic Church was recognized by a definite settlement, and a like privilege was extended to the Protestant Church of Baden. In the war between Prussia and Austria, in 1866, Baden lent aid to the lat- ter, and on the declaration of peace was obliged to pay a heavy indemnity, and to reorganize her army on the Prussian model. In 1867 Baden entered the North-German Confederation. In 1870-71 the troops of Baden fought with distinc- tion in the Franco-German War, and the grand duchy became a part of the iieAv-born Geinmn Empire. The present Grand Duke is Frederick I. (born September 9, 1826: regent, 1852; Grand Duke, 1856). See Germ ax v.
Consult: Wiirl und Bader, Geoffrnphie und Statistik rles Grosshcr::ogtluiins Baden (Frei- burg, 1880) ; Dns (!rosshir:ofjthum Baden in geoffraphischer, natjirwissenschaftlicher,ete.,Hin- sicht darf/csteUt (Karlsruhe, 1885) ; Weeeh, Badische GeschicMe (Karlsruhe, 1890) ; Reyesten dcr Murkqrafen von Baden und Hochberg (Inns- briick, 18*92 ).
BADEN (Ger., baths). A watering-place in
the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, on the Lini-
mat, 1260 feet above the sea. 13 miles nortliwest
of Zurich. It was known to the Romans as Ther-
mw Eelreticee, and under the Hapsburgs was a
medL-Pval stronghold of importance. Its waters
are considered beneficial for gout, rheumatism,
and diseases of the throat and lungs. Population,
in 19(t0, 6100.
BADEN, or Baoen Bei Wien (Ger., baths near 'ienna). A watering-place of Lower Aus-
