1900-02) ; The Survival of the Unlike (New York, 1896) ; Sketch of the Evolution of Our Native Fruits (New York, 1898) ; Lessotis with Plants (1898); (iarden-Makiny (New Y'ork, 1900) ; The Priiwiples of Fruit-llrowing, "Rural Science Series" (New York, 1897) ; The Nursery Book (New Y'ork, 1897); The Philosophy of the Crossing of Plants (Boston, 1891); besides numerous articles in the lieports of the United States Department of Agriculture anil the Re- ports of the Cornell University Agricultural Ex- periment Station.
BAILEY, Losing Woart (1839—). An
American chemist and geologist. He was born
at West Point, N. Y. He was graduated from
Harvard University in 1859, and has been, since
1861, professor of chemistry and natural history
at the University of New Brunswick. He is the
author of a number of scientific papers, and
wrote: Mines and Minerals of New Brunswick
(1864); Geology of Southern New Brunswick
(1805); and an elementary work on natural
history.
BAILEY, Nathan or Nathaniel ( ? -1742).
An English lexicographer. He died at Stepney
in 1742. He published An Universal Etymologi-
cal English Dictionary in 1721, adding a supple-
mentary volume in 1727. This work was so
popular that by 1802 it had reached its thirtieth
edition, and it is known that .Johnson made lib-
eral use of it in preparing his own dictionary.
Among Bailey's other works is The Antiquities
of London and ^^'estminster (1726). In 1883
the English Dialect Society reprinted the Eight-
eenth-Century dialect words preserved in Bai-
ley's dictionary. This work was one of the
sources from which Chatterton drew his pseudo
Old English words.
BAILEY, Philip James (1816-1902). English poet, born at Basford, Nottingham. He studied at the University of C41asgow, and was
called to the English bar in 1840, but never prac-
ticed. His first poem, Festus, which was be-
gun before he was 20 years old, was published
in 1839. It was received with great enthusiasm,
its author being classed by manj- critics of the
day with Shakespeare and Milton. This extrava-
gant estimate was naturally succeeded by a reac-
tion, and for many years Festus was practically
forgotten. In 1900, however, a renewed interest
was manifested in it, and something like a fair
critical estimate of the poem was made. Festus
does, in fact, contiiin many passages of great
power, and its language is often striking and
majestic. On the other hand, it is excessively
rhetorical : and this defect gives, upon a second
reading, the impression of artifice and insin-
ceritv. It was followed by The Angel ^'orId
(18.50), The Mystic (1855), and The Universal
Hymn (1867), all of which have since lieen made
a part of Festus. Bailej- also published The
Age, a satire (1858). Consult the eleventh or
Jubilee edition of Festus (London, 1889). See
English Poetry, Spasmodic School of.
BAILEY, Samuel (1791-1870). An English
writer on polities, political economy, philosophy,
and criticism. He became a banker, and at
his death left £90,000 to his native town, Shef-
field. His writings generally are distinguished
by independent thinking, logical precision, and
warm aspirations for the improvement of man-
kind. His treatises on the mind, while abound-
ing in original suggestions, expand and enforce
the views of the school of Locke in metaphysics
and what is termed the doctrine of utility in
morals. Among his works the following may
be mentioned: A Critical Dissertation on the
Nature, Measures, and Causes of ^alue (1825) ;
The Right of Primogeniture Examined (1837) ;
Letters on the Philosophy of the Human Mind
(three series, 1855, 1858, 1803) ; and The Re-
ceived Text of Shakespeare's Dramatic Writings
and Its Improvement (1862-66.)
BAILEY, Solon Irving (1854—). An
American astronomer, born at Lisbon, N. H. He
graduated in 1881 at Boston University, and was
subsequently appointed associate professor of
astronomy at Harvard. In 1889 he established
at Arequipa, Peru, a southern station of the
Harvard Observatorv, and in 1893, on the sum-
mit of Mount Jlisti. at an elevation of 19.000
feet, the most loftily situated scientific station
in the world. Papers by him are to be found in
the Annals of the Harvard Observatory.
BAILEY, Theodohus (1805-77). An Ameri-
can naval officer, born in Chateaugay, N. Y'. He
entered the navy in 1818, became lieutenant in
1827, was commissioned connnander in 1849 and
captain in 1855; and in 1861 was assigned to
the command of the Colorado in the blockade of
Pensaeola. In 1862 he was second in command
of the fleet sent under Farragiit against New Or-
leans. He led the attack upon the forts, and was
dispatched by Farragut to demand the surrender
of the city. He was promoted in the same 3'ear
to be commodore, and was appointed commander
of the Eastern Gulf blockading squadron, in
which post it is said that in eighteen months he
captured more than 150 blockade runners. Sub-
sequent to the war he was commandant at the
Portsmouth (N. H.) Navy Yard, and in 1866
was retired with rank of rear-admiral.
BAIL'IE (Scotch for bailiff). A superior
officer or magistrate of a municipal corporation
in Scotland, with judicial authority within the
city or burgh. In royal burghs, the office is in
some respects analogous to that of alderman in
England. The chief magistrate of a Scotch cor-
poration, called the provost (q.v. ), and often one
or more of the bailies, are, by virtue of their
office, in the commission of the peace. There are
also bailies of regality and barony, who are ap-
pointed by the superior or overlord of the manor
(q.v.), with limited powers. There is a bailie
for the sanctuary or abbey of Holyrood, appointed
by the Duke of Hamilton as hereditary keeper,
and having jurisdiction within the precincts.
See Bailiff.
BAIL'IFF (OF. bailiff, Fr. bailli, administrator. Low Lat. bailivus, from baiulus, carrier, one who carries burdens, takes charge of). An officer exercising superintendence on behalf of some superior authority. Through all the changes of application the word has undergone in the course of history, it has denoted an overseer of some kind. At the Greek lmi)erial court ill Constantinople, the chief tutor of the Imperial children was called baiulus. The same title seems also to have been given in Constantinople to the superintendent of the foreign merchants, who was appointed by the Venetians, and it may possibly be for this reason that the title 60/10 came at length to be applied also to the Venetian ambassadors themselves. In France, the royal
