BALFOUR, Isaac Baylet (1853—). A Scottish botanist, boni in Edinburgh. He grad- uated at the University of Edinburgh, studied at ^Strassburg and Wiirzburg, and from 1879 to 188-1 was professor of botany in the University of Glasgow. In 1884-88 he was professor of botany country and partly at the University of Wiseon at Oxford, and in the latter year accepted a simi lar chair at the University of Edinburgh. He is also King's botanist in Scothmd, and keeper of the Eoyal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh. In 1880 he explored the island of Socotra, Indian Ocean, on behalf of the British Association and of the Royal Society, Edinburgh, in Vol. XXXI. (Edinburgh, 1888) of whose Transactions ap peared the botanical results of the journey. He y;,e first Germanic Bihie, and the Other Re- became, in 1887, an editor of the Annals of Bot uny, and has also published "Botany of Rod- riguez," in Philosophical Transactions, Vol. CLXIII. (London, 1879), and editions of several bota^iical works.
BALFOUR, Sir James ( ? -1583). A Scotch
judge and politician. He was educated for
the priesthood, but devoted himself to ecclesi-
astical law. Rol)ertson describes him as 'the
most corrupt man of his age,' and John Knox
called him 'Blasphemous Balfour.' He was im-
plicated in the plot for the assassination of
Cardinal Beaton, and after the surrender of the
Castle of Saint Andrews (June, 1547) was im-
prisoned in the French galleys. He regained his
freedom, by changing his creed, and returned to
Scotland. ' He conspired with Bothwcll for the
murder of Darnley, and received the governor-
ship of Edinl)urgh Castle. Avhich he later sur-
rendered to Murray, in return for a pardon of
his share in Darnle'y's death. He was lord presi-
dent of the Court of Session during Murray's
regency, but, suspected of intriguing with the
adherents of the Queen, he was deprived of his
ollice in 1508. After Murray's death, Balfour
contrived to gain the favor of the new regent,
Morton, and received a commission to make a
general digest of the law. He was, however, not
the sole author of Balfour's Practicks, the earli-
est text-book on Scottish law, for. feeling unsafe
in Scotland, he absented himself in France dur-
ing seven years, until the young King ascended
the throne.
BALFOUR, John. One of the Covenanters
who resisted the King's troops under Claver-
houae (see Graham, John), at Drumclog and
Bothwell Bridge, and who jireviously had
taken part in the murder of Archbishop Sharpe,
in 1079. A picturesque, and, in the main, ac-
curate account of Balfour is given by Scott, in
Old Mortality, where he is called 'Balfour of
Burley,' though he really was Balfour of Kin-
loch.
BALFBUSH, liiil-froBsli'. or BARFBUSH
(Pers., landing-place, market). An important
commercial town in the Persian Province of Ma
zanderan, situated on the river Bahbul. about
]2 miles from its mouth in the Caspian
Sea (Map: Persia, E 3). It is a clean and
well-built town with a fine bazaar and the
ruins of an old pleasure palace of Shah Ab-
bas. It is connected by a well-shaded road with
Meshed-i-Ser, its port, through which it carries on
a considerable trade in cotton, dried fruit, and
metals, chiefly with Russia. The town is also
connected by a road with Teher.nn. The popula-
tion was once estimated at 200,000, but it has
since been greatly reduced by epidemics, so that
at present it is less than 50,000.
BALG, bale, Gerhard Hurert ( 1852 — ) .
An American philologist, born at Efferen, near
Cologne, Germany, and educated partly in that
country and partly at the University of Wisconsin, where he graduated in 1881. He received the degree of Ph.D. at Heidelberg, in 1883, and has taught at the University of Wisconsin and at private and public schools in the United States. He is the author of several valuable philological works, notably A Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language, tvith Especial Reference to English and German (1887-89); The First Germanic Bible, and the Other Remains of the Gothic Language (1891), and an
English edition of William Braune's Gothic
Grammar ( 1883-95) . He also supplied Germanic
etymologies for the Htandard Dictionary.
BALGO'WNIE, bal-gou'ne. BRIG OF. A
bridge of a single arch, over the Don at Aberdeen,
Scotland, built in 13'20.
BALI, ba'le. One of the Dutch East India
islands, situated east of Java, from which it is
separated by the narrow Bali Strait (Map: East
Indies, E 6) . The island covers an area of over
2000 square miles. Its surface in general
closely resembles that of Java. It is mountain-
ous and volcanic, and reaches in its highest sum-
mit (the volcano Gunong-Agung) , an altitude of
10.400 feet. In the lower portions of the island
the common products of the East Indies, such as
rice, cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and indigo, arc
raised in large quantities. Politically the island
is divided into seven semi-independent States,
and a small portion annexed to the Dutch
residency of Banjuwangis, on Java, and directly
administered by a Duich assistant resident. 'The
capital is Buleleng. The population of Bali is
estimated at 500.000.
The natives, anthropologically, are one of the iviost interesting peoples of Malaysia. Physically and linguistically they are close to the ilalayan or proto-Malayan Javanese, and share the capaci- ties of these ' for culture. In metal-work and sculpture they are markedly successful. The Ba- linese and the natives of the adjacent island of Lombok, alone in Jlalaysia, retain as their re- ligion Brahmanism in a form older than that now found in Hindustan, and other traces of Hindu influence also occur. The participation of the women in trade and industry indicates a power to resist the doctrines of Islam. Of more recent literature since Laut's Bet eiland Bali en (le Balienzen (Amsterdam, 184S) may be men- tioned van Vlijmen's Bali (Amsterdam, 1875). See Inooxesiaxs ; Malays.
BALIKESRI, biiTs-kes'rf, or BALIKISRI.
A town of Asiatic Turkey, in the vilayet of Bru-
sa, about 75 miles southwest of the city of Brusa
(Map: Turkey in Asia, B 3). It contains a
number of mosques and is the seat of an annual
fair, visited by over 30,000 people. Its popula-
tion is over 12,000, about one-fourth Christian.
BALINAG, bii 'It-nag'. A town of Luzon,
Philippines, in the Province of Bulacan (Map:
Luzon. E 7). It is 13 miles north of Bulacan.
Population, in 1898, 14,1'22.
BALINESE, b-i'le-nez'. See Bau.
BALINGHEM, ba'hxx'giiN'. The historic
site of the "Field of the Cloth of Gold," a small
