munication with the South was completely cut off, and Western trade diverted to other channels. A mob attack upon a Massachusetts regiment in its passage through the city, on April 19, 1861, inflamed the country and led to the Federal occupation of the city. But the causes of prosperity were suspended, not destroyed, and as the prostrate industrial life of the territory naturally tributary to Baltimore revived, the city emerged into new importance as an industrial centre. The residential section of the city expanded, and in 1888 a large area or ‘belt’ of suburban territory was annexed to the corporate limits. The diversification of manufactures, the growth of commerce, the extension of trade, the increase of population, the influx of foreign elements, the rise of economic standards, the development of civic consciousness have been the essential elements in the later municipal history of Baltimore.
Consult: Scharf, The Chronicles of Baltimore (Baltimore, 1874); Thomas, The City Government of Baltimore (Baltimore, 1889); Hollander, Guide to the City of Baltimore (Baltimore, 1893); Love, Baltimore: The Old Town and the Modern City (Baltimore, 1895); and Hollander, The Financial History of Baltimore (Baltimore, (1899).
BALTIMORE, Barons of, or Lords Baltimore. The title of the Calvert family in the Irish peerage. Sir George Calvert, first Lord (c.1580-1632). A British statesman. He was born at Kipling, Yorkshire, and graduated at Oxford in 1597. He then became secretary to Sir Robert Cecil and won the esteem of James I., who knighted him in 1617 and made him Secretary of State in 1619. He became a Catholic in 1624 and resigned his office, but continued in favor with the King, and in 1625 was raised to the Irish peerage as Baron of Baltimore. He early became interested in the colonization of the New World and in 1621 dispatched a ship to Newfoundland to establish a settlement. In 1623 he obtained a charter to found a colony there under the name of the Province of Avalon (q.v.). He crossed the ocean himself in 1627, and again in 1629, taking his family with him, but encountered many difficulties from the hostility of the French and the severity of the climate, and soon applied for a grant of land in a more genial region. Although the King had tried to dissuade him from his project, he finally obtained (in 1632) a grant of the territory which was called ‘Maryland’ by Charles I. in honor of the Queen. Before the charter was issued, Sir George died, and the grant devolved upon his son Cecil, who thus became the real founder of Maryland, although he never visited the colony. He sent settlers, however, under his younger brother, Leonard (see Calvert, Leonard), who was the first Governor of Maryland (1634-47). The successive Barons of Baltimore, or Lords Baltimore, were: George (first), Cecil (second), Charles (third), Benedict (fourth), Charles (fifth), and Frederick (sixth). The house became extinct with the last, who died without leaving legitimate issue. All of them, including Leonard, were prominently identified with the history of Maryland.
Consult: Browne, George Calvert and Cecilius Calvert, Barons of Baltimore (New York, 1890); Wilhelm, Life of George Calvert, one of the Maryland Historical Society's monographs; and Kennedy, Discourse on the Life and Character of George Calvert, Lord Baltimore (Baltimore, 1845).
BALTIMORE BIRD. See Oriole.
BALTIS, bäl′tē̇z. See Baltistan.
BALTISTAN, bäl′tē̇-stän′ (Pers. stan, district, region; of the Baltis), or Little Tibet. A province of Kashmir, a feudatory State of British India, situated in the Mustagh Chain on the Upper Indus (Map: India, C 1). Its area is about 13,000 square miles, and it is exceedingly mountainous, containing within its bounds some of the highest peaks of the Mustagh Chain. The capital, Iskardo, is situated at an elevation of nearly 8000 feet, and can be approached only by a pass over 18,000 feet above the sea. Baltistan was originally an independent principality, until conquered in 1835 and finally incorporated with Kashmir. The inhabitants of Baltistan, estimated at about 60,000, are of Mongolian origin and profess Mohammedanism. They speak a Tibetan dialect, and are otherwise akin to the peoples of that stock. They are doubtless a somewhat mixed race physically, an Aryan (Hindu) element having been added to the original Mongolian, with some strain of Dravidian blood. The Baltis are an interesting mountain people. Of recent literature may be mentioned Bellew, Kashmir and Kashgar (London, 1875); Biddulph, Tribes of the Hindu-Kush (London, 1881).
BALTZER, bälts′ẽr, Johann Baptista (1803-71). A German theologian. He was born at Andernach; studied at Bonn, and after his ordination to the priesthood in 1829, was made professor of theology at Breslau in the following year. He was at first an enthusiastic follower of Georg Hermes in his attempt to reconcile the newer German philosophy with the Roman Catholic teaching, but definitely broke with his school in 1839, and associated himself with the speculations of Anton Günther. After the Papal condemnation of the latter's teachings, Baltzer submitted indeed, but his independent spirit led him into further difficulties, and he was suspended in 1862. As in natural sequence he was a strenuous opponent of the definition of Papal infallibility, and was a promoter of the Old-Catholic movement in Silesia. For his life, consult: Friedberg (Leipzig, 1873), and Melzer (Bonn, 1877), both favoring Baltzer's attitude, and Franz (Berlin, 1873), representing the other side.
BALTZER, Wilhelm Eduard (1814-87). A German theologian and leader of the movement known as the Freie Gemeinden, or free religious communities which have sprung up since the middle of the Nineteenth Century in opposition to dogmatic and traditional theology. He was born at Hohenleine, studied at Leipzig and Halle, and entered the Lutheran ministry, but on account of the liberal views which, following Delitzsch, he had adopted, was not looked upon with favor. Consequently, in 1847, he founded a ‘free church’ of his own, and presided over a convention of similar organizations at Nordhausen in the same year. Until 1881 he continued to be a representative leader among them, but lived in retirement at Grotzingen for the last few years of his life, partly occupied in the promotion of vegetarianism, for which he founded an association and an annual publica-
