formed the group known as the “Secessionists,” which afterwards became merged in the German Liberal Party, and as a member of which he opposed the Colonial policy of the Government. The following are some of his important publications: Erlebnisse aus der pfälzischen Erhebung (1849); Monsieur de Bismarck (1868; English translation, 1869); Die fünf Milliarden (1873); Deutschland und der Sozialismus (1878); Deutschtum und Judentum (1880); Die Stichworte der Silberleute besprochen (4th ed., 1893); Erinnerungen (published by Nathan, 1899).
BAMBINO, bam-be'ii6 (It., a baby). A term
in art descriptive of the figure of the Infant
Saviour. It is especially used of certain images
of the swaddled Child, the most famous being
the Santissimo Bambino in the Church of Aia
Ca?li at Rome, held in great veneration for its
supposed miraculous power of curing the sick.
It is carved in wood, painted, and richly deco-
rated with jewels and precious stones. the
festival of the Bambino, which occurs at the
Epiphany, is attended by great numbers of
eountry people, and the Bambino is said to draw
more in the shape of fees than the most success-
ful medical practitioner in Rome, for it is often
carried in procession to the houses of the sick.
BAMBOCCIADES, bam'boch-I-adz' (Fr. hain-
hochade, It. hambocciata, caricature, from ham-
boccio. puppet, little child) . Grotesque painting.
Peter Van Laer and Teniers were painters of such
subieets, and the name is said to be derived from
the nickname of Van Laer, Bamboccio, the
cripple.' Rollicking and boisterous village games,
with smoking, drinking, and festival-making in
grotesque costumes are scenes characteristic of
this style of painting. Wilkie m England has
sometimes painted in this vein.
BAMBOO' (Malav, Cambu Mambu). Bain-
busa, Arundinaria, and I'hiiUostachys. _ Genera of
grasses, many species of which attain a great
tize some 70 or 100 feet in height, and have
trunks a foot in diameter. The species are nu-
merous, and are found in tropical and subtr.jpical
regions, both of the Eastern and W estern heiiii-
spheres. They are of great importance to the
inhabitants of the countries in which they grow,
being found from sea-level to 1-2,000 feet in the
Himalavas and 15,000 feet in the Andes. All of
them have a jointed subterranean root-stock
(rhizome) which throws up numerous stems.
These are generallv straight and erect; although
one large species (Bambusa agresUs) , common in
drv mountainous situations in the southeast of
Asia has crooked and sometimes creeping stems.
The stems grow to their full height unbranehed
but afterwards throw out straight horizontal
branches, especially in their upper parts, torming
a dense thicket ; and many of them being strongly
armed with spines, they are planted for defense.
Some of the smaller kinds are often planted as
hedges The stems are jointed like those ot
oth?r crrasses, verv hard, but light and elastic,
hollow,containing only a liglit spongy pith, except
at the joints or nodes, where they are divided
by strong partitions. They are, therefore, readily
converted into water-vessels of various sorts; and
when the partitions are removed, they are used
as pipes for conveying water. They are also
much cmploved for house-buildmg, for bridges,
etc Split bamboo is extensively used for weav-
ing into nets, for hats, umbrellas, fishing-rods,
etc The smaller stems are converted into water-
sticks, and are employed in light wickerwork.
In China, the leaf-sheaths and other portions of
the stem are used for making paper. The stems
of difi'erent species vary also very much in the
thickness of the woody part, and so m their
adaptation to different purposes. The external
covering of the stem is, in all the species, re-
raarkabh' siliceous: the stem of Bambusa ta-
bararia 'is so hard that it strikes fire when the
hatchet is applied. This species is a native of
Amliovna and .Java ; its slender stems are pol-
ished,' and used for the stems of tobacco-pipes.
The leaves of some kinds are used for thatch, and
the Chinese plait hats of them. From the nodes
of the bamboo there exudes a saccharine juice
which dries upon exposure to the atmosphere,
and which the Greeks called Indian honey. It is
also sometimes named tabaris or tabasheer;
but this name more properly belongs to a phos-
phorescent substance found in some species of
bamboo and of other large grasses growing in dry
situations. ( See Tabasheer. ) The young shoots
of some kinds of bamboo are eat<;n like aspara-
gus, or are pickled in vinegar. The seeds of some
species are used as rice, and for making a kind of
beer. Bamboos are generally of very rapid
growth, and they are often found in and situa_
tions, which would otherwise be destitute of
vegetation. It is not improbable that they may
vet be emploved, where they do not naturally
kbound. The species common in the West Inaies
{Bambusa vuhiaris) is supposed to have been in-
troduced from the East Indies A number of
species are hardv in England and in parts of the
United States, where they are used m landscape
sardening. Arundinaria macrosperma is native
to the Southern United States, where it forms
extensive canebrakes.
Fossil Forms. Fossil forms of bamboo are abundant in the Pleiocene deposits ot France.
BAMBOO RAT. Any of various species of
mole-rats (q.v.) of India and eastward, belong-
ing to the genus Rhizomys, and found m and
near liamboo jungles.
BAMBOROUGH (bam'bflr-6) CASTLE (for-
tress of Bebba, Queen of Ida). An English cas-
tle situated in the village of the same name, U
miles north of Alnwick, in Northumberland. It
was erected by Ida of Northumberland in 54 ,
and was repeatedcdly assailed m the wars of the
Saxon and Danish kings. In 1005 it w>is held
bv Earl ilowbrav against William II. During
tiie Wars of the Roses, the fortress was de-
stroyed, Init was restored in the Eighteenth Cen-
BAMBUK, biim-book'. A hilly region in
West Africa. situated between the river Senegal
and its tributarv, the Faleme, and forming .a
part of the Frend. possession of Senegal. Except
for its unhealthful climate, Bambuk is a ^^. 1
favored eountrv, with a very rich vegetation and
.^'ll adapted for cattle-raising. The special importance of Bambuk, however, li«%>'i.f g^
deposits, which are so extensive as to be found
uSost in every part of the country. The ou u
however, is insignificant as the «plora . m h
entirely in the hands of the natives. The popula
Tion estimated by some at 800,000, -ns-ts o
llandingoes, who ostensibly profess Islam, ut
who are practically pagans and of a veiy ftio
Vous disposition. 'Bambuk belonged to Por Ugal
in the Fifteenth Century, and was brought under
the protection of France in 1858.
