His Housc-Boat on the tilyx (1896) contains much amusing anachronism, a vein of which effective use is also made in The Pursuit of the Houf:e-Boat (1897). His other works imhule Mr. Bonaparte of Corsica ( 1S95) ; The Enchanted Typeicriter (1899) ; Uncle .S'um, Trustee (1902) : and Olympian Xi<jhts (1902).
BANGS, Lemuel Bolton (1842 — ). An
American i^hysician, born in New York City. He
graduated at the College of Phj-sicians and Sur-
geons in 1872. and for a time was professor of
genito-urinarv diseases in the New York Post-
Graduate Jledical School and Hospital, and
genito-urinary surgeon in Saint Mark's Hospital,
- New Y'ork. He has also been consulting surgeon
for various other New York and Brooklyn hospi- tals, and attending surgeon at the Bellevue Hos- pital. He was president of the American Asso- ciation of Genito-Urinary Surgeons in 1895, and is a member of the American Medical Associa- tion. He has written an American Text-Book of Genito-Urinary Diseases (1898).
BANGS, Nathan (1778-1862). An Ameri-
can clergyman. He was born in Connecticut. He
beoan to"preach as an itinerant in ISOl, labored
for some vears in Canada, and removed to New-
York in 'l810. He was chosen agent of the
Methodist Book Concern in 1820, and in 1828
became editor of the Christian Advocate and
Journal. In 1829 he was elected bishop of Can-
ada, but declined. He became president of the
Wesleyan University in 1841, but soon afterwards
returned to pastoral work in New York. Dr.
Bangs was the author of numerous publications,
the most important of which is the History of
the Methodist Episcopal Chnrch(i vols. 1839-41).
BANGUED, ban-gaD'. The capital of the
Province of Abra, Luzon, in the Philippines. The
province is situated in the northern part of the
island, and has an area of 3280 square miles
with a population of 49.702. The surface bears
traces of volcanic origin, but is well wooded
and fertile in the valleys. The capital is situ-
ated near the river Abra, 236 miles north of
Manila. It was first settled in 1598. It has a
telegraph-station. Population, in 1898, 13,417.
BANGWEOLO, bring'we-0'16, or BEM'BA. A
shallow lake of Central Africa, situated in the
northern part of Rhodesia, between latitudes 10'
40' and 12° 15' S., and lonsitudes 29° 30' and 30
0' E. (Map: Africa. G 6). Its total length from
north to south is over 100 miles, but it is only
lialf that amount in width. Its altitude is about
4000 feet above the sea. A large portion of its
southern and eastern area is occupied by marshes
thickly overgrown, and most of the open water
is bordered bv tall water-reeds. In the northern
part are situated a number of small inhabited
islets, the largest of which is named Kissi. The
chief tributarv of the lake is the Chambezi from
the east, while its outlet is the Luapula issuing
from its southern end, the lake discharging its
surplus waters into tbo river in the wet season.
The lake was discovered in 1868 by Livingstone,
who died at Chitambo's. in Ilala, on May 1,
1873. Consult: Singer. "Der Bangweolo-See,"
in Vol. XLIV., Petermnnns Mitfeilunacn (Goiha,
1898); Weatherlev, •'Circumnavigation ()f Lake
Bangveolo," in Geographical Journal, ol. XII.
, (London, 1898).
BANIAN, biin'yan or niin-yan' (Skt. vamj,
mcLuhaut, trader) .' hi India, a merchant or trader
generally. It is more particularly applied to the
great merchants in the west of India, especially
in the seaport towns of Bombay. Sural. Cainbay,
etc., who carry on a very extensive trade by
means of caravans with the interior of Asia, even
to the borders of Russia and China. These
merchants travel much, and the establishments
and counting-houses of Indian banians are to be
found in almost every conmiercial town of any
note in Asia. In Bengal, the term banian is often
applied to the native cashier in the employ of
Europeans. Some of the Jlarathi banians are
agriculturists as well as traders, while in the
Punjab, the banians. are said to belong in part
to the degraded Chamar, or leather-working
caste. Broadly speaking, the banians are a sub-
division of the Vaisya caste, although in Bengal
they are ranked with Sudras. In religion they
are'predominaiitly Vishnuites. with a large num-
ber of Jains in "the west of India. From its
original association with the merchants and
the market-place, the banyan-tree of India
received its name.
BANIAN. See Bany.vx.
BA'NIM, John (1798-1842). An Irish
novelist. He was born at Kilkenny, April 3,
1798. In 1822 John and his older brother
Michsel (1796-1874) planned a series of short
novels, which should do for Ireland what Scott
was doing for Scotland. Three years later ap-
peared the O'Earn Talcs, followed in 1826 by
a second collection. To each series both broth-
ers contributed. These sketches at
tis vui..^.i.^nti- once at
tracted notice, and they have maintained a place
in literature. They contain many vivid por-
trayals of character, with the emphasis laid on
the" dark side of Irish life. If they have not the
liuinor of Maria Edgeworth's Castle RackrenU
there is a certain compensation in the poetic
feeling of John and in the vigor of ilich.-el. See,
for example. Pother Connell. by the latter. John
afterwards published several longer novels. The
Denounced: The Smuyylcr; and The Mayor of
V.'iudmp, besides several dramas, the best-
known of which is Damon and Pythias. In
1836, general sympathy having been attracted
toward his privations, occasioned by disease that
prevented all literary exertion, a pension of £150
per annum from the'Civil List was awarded him,
which was afterwards increased b,v £40 for the
education of his daughter. He died at Wind-
gap Cottage, near Kilkennv, August 13, 1842.
Micha-l lived on, writing Clouyh Fion (1852),
and Tou-n of the Cascades (1864). He died at
Booterstown, near Dublin. Consult Murray,
Life of John Banim (London, 1857).
BAN'ISHMENT (for derivation, see Ban). An extrcijie form of punishment for crime in primitive society, consisting in the exclusion of the criminal from the protection of the law, and his abandonment to his enemies and to strangers The ban or sentence of outlawry (q.v.) passed upon him not onlv absolved his family or tribe from all responsibilitv for him. but also involved the conliscation of his lands and goods. It was usuallv incurred for a refusal to submit to the
jurisdiction of the tribunals or to the ordinary penalties imposed bv them. In more advanced society, banishment has sometimes been practiced as a puni.shment for crime— usually as a commutation for the death penalty— but in a mitigated form not involving outlawry, but enforced absence from . the country. In this form, either
