man may be called on for defense or service in the militia, the number available averaging between 14,000,000 and 15,000,000. Each State of the Union has a militia establishment, under its own State authorities, but subject to supreme Federal authority for Federal purposes. In 1899 the aggregate effective enlisted strength of the State militia, or National Guard, was estimated at 106,339 men, all ranks. Most officers of the Regular Army are educated at the United States Military Academy, West Point; N. Y., and afterwards in the various practical schools of the army. In point of efficiency and thoroughness they are unexcelled. The United States military methods differ from those of European nations, in that individuality is strongly encouraged. This is greatly facilitated by the republican system of national government, the absence of caste or rank of birth, and the general method of education and appointment of officers. In adaptability, resourcefulness, military intelligence, and individuality, the United States soldier is conceded by foreign military authorities to be unequaled. See also section on Army, under United States.
Uruguay. The permanent army consisted in 1901 of 231 officers and 3233 men, armed with the Mauser rifle. The artillery is equally modern, consisting of Krupp, Armstrong, Nordenfeidt, Bangec and Canet guns. In addition to an armed police force of 3200 men, there is a national guard of about 97,000 men.
Venezuela. In 1901 the army was said to consist of about 9000 men. It is distributed throughout the Republic in federal garrisons and on ships of war. There is a national militia, but its strength is not known; it is estimated at between 60,000 and 100,000 men.
Bibliography. Authorities and statistical reports from which much valuable information on armies may be obtained are: Oman, Art of War in the Middle Ages (London, 1885); Jerram's Armies of the World (London and New York, 1900); and the Reports of the Military Information Division of the War Department, issued by the Government Printing Office at Washington, D. C. The annual issue of the Statesman's Year Book (London and New York) contains the latest reliable statistics regarding the armies of the world. Other sources of information are the regular service magazines, and the Journal of the Military Service Institution (Governor's Island, N. Y.). For a further treatment of the subject of armies and detailed information as to their organization and principal characteristics, the reader is referred to the articles, Army-Organization; Artillery; Cavalry; Infantry; Frontier, Military; Landwehr; Militia; Military Education; Mobilization; Tactics, Military; and Volunteer, Military. Detailed information on military technical subjects will he found under Ammunition; Ballistics; Engineering, Military; Coast Defense; Fortification; Field Artillery; Ordnance; Signaling and Telegraphing, Military; Small Arms; and also under numerous titles relating to military matters in general. In addition to the special article on Tactics, Military, such specific operations as Advance Guard; Attack; Battle; Engagement, Military; Inspection; Patrol; Marching; Rear Guard; Outpost, etc., will be found under their respective titles.
AR′MILLARY SPHERE (Lat. armilla, a ring). An instrument intended to give a just conception of the constitution of the heavens, and of the motions of the heavenly bodies, as seen by an observer on the earth. It consists of a number of rings fixed together so as to represent the principal imaginary circles of the celestial sphere, and these are movable round the polar axis within a meridian and horizon, as in the ordinary celestial globe. It was by means of such rings furnished with sights that Hipparchus, Ptolemy, and other ancient astronomers made many of their observations, and we find even Tycho Brahe making most of his planetary observations with the help of such an instrument. The armillary sphere can now be used only for instruction in astronomy, and even in this respect it is altogether supplanted by the celestial globe.
AR′MIN, Robert. An English actor and
writer. He is spoken of in Pierce's Supererogation
as one of the ‘common pamphleteers of
London,’ but he is chiefly remarkable as having
been one of the original actors in Jonson's
Alchemist. He created the part of Dogberry. He
is the author of A Nest of Ninnies, published in
1608, and of A Brief Resolution of the Right
Religion (1590).
AR′MING. See Lead, Sounding.
ARMIN′IAN, or GENERAL, BAP′TISTS. See Baptists.
ARMIN′IANISM. The name given to a school of Protestant theology which arose in the Netherlands toward the close of the Sixteenth Century, taking the name of the leading early representative, Jacob Arminius (q.v.). It consisted at first of a protest against the strict predestinarian doctrine of Calvin and Beza (see Calvinism), but developed gradually into an increasingly liberal theology. The accepted teachers of the Reformed Church, at the time the Arminian movement began, emphasized the importance of unconditional election and a limited atonement. Against these views objection was raised in 1578, when Koornheert, a secretarius of Haarlem, began his agitation to secure a simpler doctrinal system. Arminius, who was the most influential preacher in Amsterdam from the year 1588 on, was called upon to refute Koornheert's alleged errors; but while studying the question became himself infected by them. Thus gradually he adopted views at variance with the Calvinistic doctrines named above, and began to teach that God, who knows beforehand how all men will act, decrees their salvation or condemnation accordingly; in other words, that election is conditional. He further taught the universality of the atonement—that is, that Christ offered a sufficient sacrifice for all mankind, although it becomes efficient only for such as have faith and believe in Him. (This should be distinguished from modern Universalism, q.v.). After the death of Arminius (1609), his followers, to the number of forty-six, presented to the Estates of Holland and West Friesland a ‘Remonstrance,’ drawn up by one Uytenbogaert, embodying a moderate statement of their views under five articles, which they declared to be ‘agreeable to the Word of God’ and ‘sufficient for salvation.’ These articles were substantially as follows: (1) Predestination depends
