BANYUMAS, ban'yoo-niiis'. or BANJUMAS (•golden water'). A residency and a town of Java, situated on the southern coast of the island (Map: East Indies, C G). Area of resi- dency. 2100 square miles. Its population was 1,216,719 in 1894, including about 1000 Euro- peans and about 5000 Chinese. The town and seat of the Resident is situated on the river Serajo, about 22 miles inland. It has a consider- able trade, and contains a population of about 9000.
BANZ, biints (Goth, iansts. inclosure). A
castle, belonging to one of the Bavarian princes,
originally a Benedictine abbey, in Upper Fran-
conia. Bavaria, near Lichtenfels, on the ilain:
sittiated on a mountain slope over 1400 feet
high. The abbey Aas founded in the Eleventh
Century, and celebrated for the superior culture
of its monks. During the Peasants' War in the
Sixteenth Centura , the abbey w^as destroyed but
immediately restored; again destroyed in the
Thirty Years' War, and again restored. In
1802 it was broken up, the books and collections
were scattered among German institutions, and
the building turned to its present use. The
castle contains a number of beautiful rooms,
and also a very rare and valuable collection of
petrified objects.
BAOBAB (ba'6-bab) TREE. See Adan-
SONI.V.
BAOUR-LORMIAN, ba'oor'16r'myaN', Pierre Marie Francois Louis (1770-1854). A French poet and dramatic author, born at Toulouse. His plays were much praised at the time of
their perfomiance, and his translations of Taiso
(1795) and Ossian (1801) attracted the favor
of Napoleon. In 1815 he was made a member of
the Academy: but the reign of the classic style
was over, and protesting to the end with feeble
dialogues, le chifsiqiie et le romantique, encore
till mot, the poet found himself the butt of epi-
grams. Upon his death, the Academy paid him
extraordinary honors.
BAPAUME, ba'-pom'. The chief town of a
canton, in the Department of Pas-de-Calais,
France (Map: France, J 1). Population, in
189G. 3144. In August, 1793, a detachment of
the Allied troops advanced to this place, after
compelling the French to abandon their forti-
fied position, and to retreat behind the Scarpe.
The town was also the scene of one of the
severest and most closely contested battles of
the Franco-German War.' It was fought Janu-
ary 3, 1871, both sides claiming the victory.
The Germans, however, fell back behind the
Somiue.
BAPH'OMET. The name of a mysterious
symliol, which was alleged to be in u.se among
tiie Templars. According to the oldest and most
prol)able interpretation, the word is a corruption
of Mahomet, to whose faith the members of the
order were accused of having a leaning. Indeed,
the Old Spanish form is itafomat. The s
consisted of a small human figure cut out of
stone, having two heads, male and female, with
the rest of the body purely feminine. It was
environed with serpents and astronomical attri-
butes, and furnished with inscriptions for the
most part in Arabic. Specimens are to be found
in the arcbipological collections of Vienna and
Weimar, and elsewhere. Joseph von Hammer-
Purgstall, however, in the Fundgruben des
Orients (Vienna. 1818), derives Baphomet from
Gk. /3a0ij, baphe, baptism; and ^u^ns, metis,
council or wisdom. He charges the knights with
depraved Gnosticism, and makes the word sig-
nify the baptism of wisdom — the baptism of fire ;
in short, the Gnostic baptism — a species of spir-
itual illumination, which, however, was inter-
preted sensually by later Gnostics, such as the
Ophites (an Egyptian sect of the Sixth Cen-
tury), to whose licentious practices he declares
them to have been addicted. But this explana-
tion is generally discredited. Another exjdana-
tion is that quoted by Littre from Louis Al-
phonse Constant (under the pseudonym Eliphas
L§vi), Dogme et rituel de la haute magic (2d
ed., Paris 1861), that Baphomet is tem[pli]
o[mnium] h[omininn] p[acis] ab[bas], i.e. tern,
o. h. p. ab; written backward = 'abbot of the
temple of peace of all men.' This seems even
more strained than the other.
BAPTAN'ODON (Gk. (SavTeip. baptein, to
dip, here referring to amphibian habits, + av,
an priv. + Moi's, odoiis. tooth). The only
American representative of the aquatic ichthy-
opterygian reptiles, and a late development of
the Ichthyosaurus race. The animal was fish-
like in general appearance, like all the Ichthy-
osaurians, and was provided with paddles that
were shorter and broader than those of the other
members of the group. The jaws were witliout
teeth, and this leads to the supposition that the
animal fed upon the succulent plants that grew
in the vicinity of its dwelling-place. It was
about 10 feet "long, and it lived during Middle
Jurassic times in the shallow marine waters of
the Colorado-Wyoming Basin. The name 'Bap-
tanodon beds,' given by Professor Marsh to the
series of rocks containing this fossil, has re-
cently been replaced by 'Shirley Formation.' See
Ichthyosaurus.
BAP'TISM (OF. baptesme, Gk. pdirTuriM,
baplisnia, from paTrrL^eiv, baptizein, to dip I . One
of the two sacraments of the Christian Church,
performed by applying water to the person of
the candidate in various modes, in the name of
the Trinity. Its institution is referred by the
Gospels to Christ himself (Jlatt. xxviii. 19;
Mark xvi. 10). Modern criticism has sometimes
questioned the correctness of this reference, upon
the ground that Christ did not concern himself
with outward institutions: but there is no ob-
jective warrant for. this rejection of the texts,
and the inunediate observance of baptism upon
the beginning of the Church at Pentecost imiilies
previous and well-understood establishment of
the rite. The name and the rite were not, how-
ever, altogether new when the ordinance was in-
stituted by Christ. The Jewish law introduced-
the custom of washing or baptizing proselytes
upon their admission into the .lewish Church.
John the Baptist baptized, not proselytes upon
their renouncing heathenism, but those who by
birth and descent were already members of the
.Jewish Church, to indicate the necessity of a
purification of the soul from sin — a spiritual
and not a mere outward change. There has long
been much controversy as to the proper subjects
of baptism, whether adults only are to be bap-
tized upon confession of their faith in Christ,
or whether their infants are also to receive the
ordinance. (See Baptists: and Baptism, In-
