superior intellect and privileges, employed the term to designate the character of their enemies. It then meant whatever was opposed to Gre^k civilization, freedom, or intelligence; the Ro- mans were naturally included by the Greeks under the general term, and Plautus, in his adaptations of the Xew Comedy, uses barbariis in the sense of -Roman.' The adjective was not .so used, however, by the Romans of themselves; but was adopted by them in its original sense to designate all peoples who ditt'ered from the Gra-co-Roman world in culture and language.
BAR'BAROS'SA. See Frederick I.
BABBAROSSA, Horuk and Khair-ed-Din,
Two pirate chiefs, brothers. They were renegade
Greeks, natives of Mitylene, and as Turkish cor-
sairs were the terror of the Mediterranean dur-
ing the first part of the Sixteenth Century. They
made themselves masters of Algeria (q.v.) and
Tunis, and brought these countries under the
sovereignty of the Turkish Sultan. Horuk, the
elder of the two, fell in battle against an army
of the Emperor Charles V. ( 1518) . The younger
was more successful. He captured Tunis and
fought under Sultan Solyman II. against Charles,
defeating the Imperial Admiral Doria, and rav-
aged the Ionian Islands. He died in 1.546. Con-
sult: Lane-Poole and Kelley, The Story of the
Barhary Corsairs (London, 1891); Rang and
Denis, Histoirc dc Barberonsse (Paris, 1837).
BARBAROUX, biir'ba'roo', Charles Jean
Mabie (1767-94). A French revolutionist. He
was born in Marseilles, and as a youth eagerly
embraced the doctrines of the Revolution. He
was elected a special delegate from Marseilles to
the Legislative Assembly in Paris. There he
opposed the Court, and took sides with the min-
ister, Roland. Upon his invitation, the famous
battalion which brought the 'Marseillaise' to Paris
and led in the storming of the Tuileries on
August 10, 1792, set ovit from Marseilles. After
the events of the 10th of Augiist he returned to
his native town, where he was received with
enthusiasm, and was soon after chosen delegate
to the Convention. In the Convention he ad-
hered to the Girondists, and was among those
who, at the trial of the King, voted for the death
sentence with an appeal to the people. As Bar-
baroux boldly opposed the party of Marat and
Robespierre, "and even directly accused the latter
of aiming at the dictatorship, he was proscribed
as a rovalist and an enemy of the Republic, in
May, 1793, He wandered al)out the country, hid-
ing himself as he best could, for thirteen months,
but was taken and guillotined at Bordeaux, June
25, 1794. Barbaroux was a man of striking beauty
and of great force of intellect, understanding the
Revolutionary crisis much better than most
of his party. He was a soimd economist and
financier; and had the Girondists generally pos-
sessed anything like his energy and sagacity
their fall" might have been averted. His 3/^-
moires were published in Paris in 1822 and 1866.
BAR'BARY POWERS, Wars with the.
From the time of the Middle Ages, the Mohammedan powers on the north coast of Africa lived
largely by piracy and blackmail, capturing and
conliscatiiig (or 'holding for ransom) the ship-
ping of such nations as did not pay a liberal
tribute. In 1785 they began to molest the
American shipjiing, which before the Revolu-
.tion had been protected by British passes, and
the United States Government, following the
example of European powers, concluded treaties
with Morocco (1786-87), Algeria (1795), Trip-
oli (1796), and Tunis (1799), securing immu-
nity from attack by money payments. The
corsairs continued arrogant, however; and in
1801 TriiJoli, after having been denied a larger
tribute, declared war. American sipuulrons were
sent to the Mediterranean under Commodores
Dale (1801), Morris ( 1802) , and Preble (1804);
the Tripolitan ports were blockaded and bom-
barded; a number of the piratical cruisers were
captured; and in June, 1805, Tripoli was forced
to make peace. The chief events of the war were
the grounding and capture of the Philadelphia, in
the harbor of Tripoli (October 31, lS03),and her
destruction by Decatur (February 1(1, 1804), the
bombardment of Tripoli, and the celebrated land
expedition under William Eaton in 1805, (See
Bainbridge, William; Decatur, Stephen; and
Eaton, Williasi.) Renewed attacks by the Bar-
hary vessels began with the abandonment (in
1810) of the restrictive policy exemplified in
the embargo of 1807. (See Embargo.) Algeria
formally declared war in 1812, and gave consid-
erable "assistance to the British in the years
1812-15. In 1815 Decatur, proceeding with ten
vessels to the Mediterranean, speedUy brought
Algeria to terms, and in addition forced Tunis
and Tripoli to sign treaties formally renouncing
future exactions of tribute. The United States ^
was the first power thus to check the aggressions
of the pirates, and her example was soon fol-
lowed by the various maritime countries of Eu-
rope. The earlier wars gave an ellicicnt training
to the American sailors, and demonstrated the
futility of Jefferson's famous 'gunboat system.'
Consult: Stanley Lane-Poole, The Story of the
Barhary Corsairs (New York, 1891), and E,
S. Maclay, History of the Xary (3 vols.. New
York, 1894-1901)." An excellent account is also
wiven in Henry Adams's History of the United
States from 1801 to 1817 (9 vols.. New York,
1880-91).
BARBARY STATES (derived from Berbers;
see below). The countries of Morocco, Algeria,
Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca. in Northern Africa,
known in Roman times as Mauretnnia, Numidia,
Africa Propria, and Cyrenaica. They lie between
longitudes 10° W. and 25° E,, and latitudes 25
to 37° N. The western half of this region is
traversed by the Atlas Mountains, south of which
lies the desert tract of the Sahara. Most of the
region, while pertaining geographically to Africa,
is not specially African in its characteristics;
but in geological configuration, climate, llora, and
fauna, belongs to the basin of the Mediterranean.
It is atered by many small streams, which
either flow into the Mediterranean or into a series of salt lakes that lie on the plateaus between the mountain elevations. A large portion of the country is capable of cultivation, and many of the products of the north, fruits and vegetables, are brought to great perfection, the Algerian
grape being of particularly fine quality. Millet and other grains are largely grown. Sheep-raising is an "extensive industry with the Arabs. During the times of the Carthaginians, Greeks, and Romans, the region was exceedingly productive, owing to the elaborate systems of irrigation which were constructed. Most of the natural conditions of its ancient productiveness still remain. Among the people, besides the French
