as 1461, when they were first incorporated. In 1546 they were united with the surgeons. The connection was dissolved by an act of 1743, whose preamble asserts that the business or trade of a barber is "foreign to, and independent of, the practice of surgery"; at the same time the privi- leges of the barbers as a company or corporation were expressly preserved to them. The statutes of Heriot's Hospital, compiled in 1C27, include among the officers "one chirurgeon barber, who shall cut and pole the hair of all the scholars of the hospital, and also look to the cure of all those witliin the hospital who shall anj^vaj' stand in need of his art." In ilarkwell Street, Cripplegate, London, the ancient hall formerly used by the barber-surgeons is still standing. In France, barber-surgeons were organized in 1371 into a corporation which was imder the jurisdiction of the King's barber, and existed until the Revolution. In the Seventeentli Cen- tury wigs (q.v. ) became so elaborate that a dis- tinct corporation was formed of harbiers per- ruquifrs, who also shaved and cut the hair. In Germany, though the trade of the barbers was long connected with the art of surgery, they were not formed into a corporation until 1773 (in Prussia, 1779). This was dissolved in 1809, and new unions formed in the middle of the cen- tury, with strict regulations. Consult: Annals of the Barher-tiurgeons of London (London, 1890); L'Espinasse, Les metiers et corporations de la ville de Paris (Paris, 1886-97). See also Beard: Hair-Dressing.
BARBER. A widespread South African cat-
fish {Clarias Capensis) . It reaches 50 to 60
pounds in weight, and young ones are esteemed
as food; it is also one of the main resources of
crocodiles. It takes the hook readily, and gives
some sport in overcoming its pluck and strength.
BARBER, Francis (1751-83). An American
soldier, born at Princeton. N. J. He graduated
at the College of Xew .Jersey in 1767, and in
January, 1776, entered the American Army as
major of a New .Jersey regiment. He became a
lieutenant-colonel in November of the same year,
was adjutant-general successively under Lord
Stirling and General Sullivan, and wa.s seriously
wounded at the battles of Jlonmouth and New--
town and the siege of Yorktown. In 1781 he
was selected by Washington to break up a
mutiny of the New Jersey and Pennsylvania
troops — a duty he performed with singular tact
and discretion. He was accidentally killed by a
falling tree at Newburgh, N. Y., on February II,
1783. His order-book during Sullivan's expedi-
tion against the Indians in 1779 is in the pos-
session of the New Jersey Historical Society.
BARBER, John Warner (1798-1885). An
American historian, born at Windsor, Conn. He
published Historical Scenes in the United States
(1827); lieligious Events (1832); the Histori-
cal Collections of Connecticut (1830) and of
Ma-ssachtisetts (1839); Elements of General His-
tory (1844); and Our Whole Country, Histori-
cal and Descriptive (1801). He also assisted
Henry Howe in compiling the historical collec-
tions of New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and
Ohio.
BARBERINI, biir'ba-re'ne. The name of a
celebrated Italian family, prominent in connec-
tion with the history of the Papacy in the
Seventeenth Centurv. The Barberini settled in
Florence in the Eleventh Century, and became
prominent in various ways. Francesco Barberini,
a contemporary of Dante, was a jurist and poet.
Eaffaelle Barberini was an engineer, and was
employed by the Duke of Alva in a diplomatic
capacity. The family became powerful through
!MalTeo Barberini, who was elected Pope in 1623
as Urban VIII. He appointed his brother Carlo
commander of the Papal forces; another brother,
Antonio, was cardinal and Papal Librarian.
Francesco, a son of Carlo, was also cardinal, and
is known as the founder of the Barberini Library
and the builder of the Barberini Palace at Rome.
He was a man of learning, and translated Marcus
Aurelius. Taddeo, a brother of Francesco, be-
came commander of the Papal forces, was ap-
pointed prefect of Rome, and received the prin-
cipality of Palestrina. He attempted to wrest
Castro from the Farnese family of Parma. An-
tonio, a brother of the tw^o preceding, likewise a
cardinal, was invested with the Duchy of Urbino.
The wealth and power of the Barberini excited
the jealousy of other Italian nobles, and when
Urban's successor. Innocent X., ascended the Papal
throne, he called the nephews of Urban to account
for the mismanagement of their various ollices.
They were forced to flee, and took refuge in France.
Later the family regained their influence in Rome.
The principality of Palestrina remained in pos-
session of the Colonna branch of the Barberini
family until 1889, when the male line became
extinct. Consult: Reumont, Beitriige zur itali-
cnischen Oeschichte, vol. v. (Berlin, 1807);
Thomus, Francesco da Barberini (Paris, 1883).
BARBERINI FAUN. An example of Greek
sculpture, so called because once the property
of the Barberini at Rome. It is now in the
Glyptothek at JIunich. Consult Heinrich Bulle.
"Der Barberini Faun," in Jahrbuch dcs Kaiser-
lich Dentschen Archiiologischen Instituts (Ber-
lin, 1901).
BARBERINI PAL'ACE. The home of the
Barberini in Rome, the erection of which was
undertaken by Urban VIII., the most celebrated
of the family. It was not completed, however,
till 1640. Its picture gallery contains Guido
Reni's '"Beatrice Cenci" (q.v.); Domenichino's
"Adam and Eve Being Driven out of Paradise,"
and Albert Diirer's "Christ Disputing with the
Doctors." Its library contains upward of 70,000
volumes and 10,000 manuscripts.
BARBER OF SEVILLE. See Bakbier de
Seville.
BAR'BERPOET, The. See Jasmin, Jacques.
BAR'BER'RY (of uncertain origin). Ber-
beris. A genus of plants of the natural order
Bcrberidacese (q.v.), consisting of two sub-
genera that are sometimes ranked as genera.
Those with simple leaves form the sub-genus
Berberis, and those with jiinnate leaves, the
sub-genus Mahonia or ash-leaved barberry. The
species are low, ornamental shrubs, and native to
the temperate regions of both hemispheres. The
flowers are yellow and have sensitive stamens.
The leaves are various shades of green, and are
sometimes variegated. A yellow fungus, .-Ecidiuni
berberidis. is very general upon the under side
of the leaves. This is the 'iPcidium state' of
the common grain-rust (Puccinia graininis, q.v.),
and hence in wheat-growing districts the planting
of barberry is not advised. The fruit is a red,
dark blue, or black berry with two or three
