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Scientific School in 1S58, and was chemical as- sistant in Harvard Medical School in 1858-59 and 1860-01. He was then, successively, pro- fessor of chemistry and geology in Wheaton (111.) College, acting professor of chemistry in Albany Medical College, professor of physiological chemistry and to.xicology in Yale, and professor of physics in the University of Pennsylvania. He has been president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a member of the United States Electrical Commission, and for several years an associate editor of The American Journal of Science. He has lectured in many cities, and is author of a Text-Book of illcmcitfriru Chemistry (1870).

BARKER, Jacob (1779-1871). An American financier and lawyer, born in Swan Island, Me., of (Quaker parentage. He went to New York at the age of 16, engaged in trade on his own ac- count, and soon amassed a considerable fortune. Early in the War of 1812 he was instrumental in securing a loan of JSSjOOO.OOO for the National Government, which was then pressed for funds. He took an active interest in politics, was a prominent member of the Tammany Society, and served for a term as State Senator. He was for some time a member of the Court of Errors, as then constituted, and in one instance had his opinion on an important point sustained against that of Chancellor Kent. In 1815 he founded the Exchange Bank of New York, and subsequently became interested in many other large financial institutions in the city, including the Life and Fire Insurance Company, on the failure of which, in 1826, he, with a number of others, was ar- rested on a charge of conspiracy to defraud. Barker at first conducted liis own defense, but subsequently was re[)resented by such eminent counsel as Benjamin F. Butler and Thomas A. Emmet. The jury disagreed on the first trial, and convicted Barker ou the second : but an ap- peal was granted, and the indictment was finally quashed. Barker removed to NewOrleansin 18.3-i, and soon became prominent there in financial cir- cles, besides being admitted to the bar, and prac- ticing with some success in insurance cases. At the close of the Civil War lie was elected to the United States Senate, but Louisiana not having been readmitted to the Union, he Avas not allowed to take his seat. In 1867 his business ventures having proved unfortunate, he was declared bankrupt, and spent the last few years of his life with his son in Philadelphia. He published The Rebellion: Its Consequences, and the Con- gressional Committee, Denominated the Recon- struction Committee, icith Their Action (1866). Consult: Incidents of the Life of Jacob Barker from the Year ISOO to the Year lS5o (New York, 1855) ; Turner, 7'he Conspiracy Trials of 1S26 and 1827: A Chapter in the Li'fe of Jacob Barker (Pliiladelphia, 1864) ; The Speeches of Jacob Barker and His Counsel on the Trials for Conspiracy (New York, 1826) ; and The Trial of Jacob Barker, Thomas Vermilya, and Matthew L. Davis (New York, 1827).

BARKER, Leweli.vs Franklin (1867 — ). A Canadian-.meriean anatomist, born at Nor- wich, t)nt. He studied at Pickering College and the University of Toronto, and in 1894-1900 was at the Johns Hopkins University, successively as as.sociate in anatomy, assistant resident patholo- gist, associate professor of anatomy, and asso- ciate professor of pathology. In 1900 lie be- came a professor and head of the department of anatomy in the Rush Medical College of the University of Chicago. He lias published The Nervous System and Its Constituent Neurones (1899).

BARKER, Matthew Henry (1790-1846). An English writer of .sea-tales, born at Deptford. He shipped on an East Indiaman, afterwards served in the Royal Navy, and from 1827 to 18.38 edited a newspaper at Nottingham. Under the pseudonym "The Old Sailor," he wrote a num- ber of sea-tales, exceedingly popular at that time. The list of his works includes Land and Sea Tales (2 vols., 1830), Topsail-Sheet Blocks (3 vols., 1838), The Naval Club (3 vols., 1843), and The Victory (3 vols., 1844).

BARKER, Thomas Jones (1815-82). An English historical painter, born at Bath. He studied in Paris under Horace Vernet, in 1835-45 exhibited much at the Salon, and subsequently at the Royal Academy. In 1870-71 he was an ob- server of the Franco-Prussian War. His works include "The Meeting of Wellington and Bliicher" { 1851 ) , "Wellington Crossing the Pyre- nees," "The Melee — Charge of Cuirassiers and Chasse-urs" (1872), "Balaklava— One of the Six Hundred" (1874), and "The Return through the Valley of Death" (1876).

BARK'ERS. See JusrPERS. Fr. roue-a-rcaction,

BARKER'S MILL Ger. Sryiiers ^Vasserad) . A water-wlieel in- vented by Dr. Barker toward the end of the Seventeenth Century. It is represented in its sim- plest or typical form in the cut. There is a metal pipe, terminating at its lower end in a steel spin- dle, which rests on a metal block, and is kept in a vertical position by another spindle, at its upper end, which passes through the frame of the machine, so that the pipe can easily revolve around its axis. Near its lower end. two smaller pijies or arms are inserted, which project horizontally from it, and these have eacli, at the outer extremity, a hole or fine nozzle open- ing toward opposite sides. The water is su])- jjlied from a reservoir which opens into the

B^KkCR h MILL.

upper part of the vertical tube, whence it issues from the lower orifices. The reaction caused by the water gushing from the arms forces them backward, and gives to the whole macliine a rotatory motion. This reaction is much the same as is seen in the recoil of a gun when fired, or in the pushing back of a small boat by the foot on stepping ashore.

BARK'ING (AS. Beoreingas. descendants of Beorc ) . A town of Essex, England, a north-eastern suburb of I^ondon, on the left bank of the Roding, 2 miles above its confiuence with the Thames (Map: England, Go). It has jute factories and otiier industries, and vegetable garden-