The sociological significance of bastardy first received serious attention in connection with the development of the English Poor-Law. It was recognized that not merely the rights of the individual with respect to the inheritance of property and the right to parental support, but also the rights of the public to be protected from the public burden of supporting illegitimates, are involved in the principles determining legislation relating to bastards. In 1575-76 an act (18 Eliz., cap. 3) was passed which was and is still the basis of bastardy law; it charged the justices to punish the mother and reputed father of every bastard child in the several parishes of England by compelling the payment of money weekly, or, in default, by imprisonment, in order that the parishes, which had previously been liable for the support of bastard children, might be relieved and rendered better able to support 'the impotent aged true poor.' Consult Nicholls, History of the English Poor-Law, Vol. I. (London, 1854). See Illegitimacy; Poor-Laws.
BASTARD BAR, or BAR SIN'ISTER. See Baton.
BASTARD OF OR'LEANS. A name given to Jean Dunois (1402-68), the natural son of Louis, brother of Charles VI. of France. The title of Count of Orleans was conferred upon him for his achievements in the Hundred Years' War.
BASTARD SAFF'RON. See Safflower.
BASTAR'NÆ. The earliest Teutonic people of historic mention. They migrated through the Vistula Valley to the Lower Danube about B.C. 200. They are mentioned in the monument commemorating the victory of Crassus in B.C. 28, where they appear with pointed beards and wearing trousers. Consult Keane, Man: Past and Present (Cambridge, 1899).
BASTIA, bas-te'a
(It., fortress, bastion). The chief commercial town of the insular Department of Corsica (Corse), France, an the east coast, opposite the Isle of Elba, 98 miles northeast of Ajaccio, by rail (Map: France, Q 8), Its streets are narrow and crooked, but its buildings are comparatively modern; it has two harbors, the new and the old, and a fine marine parade, adorned with a marble statue of Napoleon by Bartolini. The citadel and the Cathedral of San Giovanni Batista are noteworthy. Its public institutions are a lyceum, a library with over 30,000 volumes, and fine collections of natural history. Wax candles, liqueurs, macaroni, and soap are manufactured, and the marble quarries, tanyards, and dyeworks give employment to many operatives. The town is the seat of a United States consular agent. Bastia was built by the Genoese in 1380, and derives its name from the strong fortress or bastion which they built to protect it. After its cession to France in 1768 it became the capital, but in 1811 Ajaccio was selected in its place. Population, in 1896, 20,300.
BASTIAN, biis'te-on,
Adolf (1826—), A German traveler and anthropologist. He was born at Bremen, June 26, 1826, and was educated as a physician, studying at Berlin, Heidelberg, Prague, Jena, and Wúrzburg. His authority as an anthropologist rests upon an immense storehouse of facts, gathered during a series of extensive journeys in Asia, Africa, Australia, and America, The first of these was begun in 1851, when he went to Australia as the surgeon of a sailing vessel. He returned to Germany in 1859, after having passed from Australia to South America and the West Indies, and thence back again across the Pacific through China, India, Palestine, Egypt, Cape Colony, the West Coast of Africa, and Congo. From 1861 to 1865 he was again absent on a prolonged journey through Farther India, Japan, and China. In subsequent voyages he revisited Africa and South America, and made extensive explorations in such widely scattered lands as Persia, New Zealand, Yucatan, and the Caucasus. In 1896 the indefatigable traveler, at the age of 70, started out once more upon a voyage through the Malay Archipelago. In 1866 Bastian became docent at the University of Berlin, and subsequently was made professor of ethnology. In 1869, with Virchow and R. Hartmann, he became editor of the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, the organ of the Berlin Anthropological and Ethnological Society, of which he was one of the founders. He became in 1886 director of the new Museum für Völkerkunde. In 1901 he was editor of the Ethnographisches Notizblatt, published in Berlin. Bastian is a prolific writer, and since 1859 has published nearly 60 works, comprising more than 80 volumes, dealing with various subjects in anthropology. Within that province his range is extremely wide, his works embracing both ethnographic studies in the narrow sense, as well as philosophic investigations in race and human psychology. A partial list of his works may serve to indicate the broad sweep of his acquirements in anthropology: Der Mensch in der Geschichte (3 vols., 1860); Das Beständige in den Menschenrassen (1868); Beiträge zur vergleichenden Psychologie (1868); Ethnographische Forschungen (2 vols., 1871-73); Schöpfung Oder Entstehung (1875); Die Vorgeschichte der Ethnologie (1881); Der Buddhismus in seiner Psychologie (1882); Amerikas Nordwestküste (1883); Inselgruppen in Oceanien (1883); Indonesien (1884-94): Der Fetisch un der Küste Guineas (1884); Die Seele indischer und hellenistischer Philosophie (1886); Ueber Klima und Acclimatisation (1889); Ideale Welten (1893); Vorgeschichtliche Schöpfungslieder (1893); Ethnische Elementargedanken (1895): Die mikronesisehen Kolonien (1899-1900); Die Völkerkunde und der Völkerverkehr (1900).
BASTIAN, bas'tynn,
Henry Charlton (1837—). An eminent English physiologist. He was admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons in 1860, was assistant curator in the Museum of the University College, in London, from 1860 to 1863; professor of pathological anatomy in the same college from 1867 to 1887; professor of principles and practice of medicine from 1887 to 1897; and physician to the University College Hospital from 1867 to 1897. In 1898 he was elected emeritus professor of the principles and practice of medicine at University College, London. He published The Modes of Origin of Lowest Organisms (1871); The Beginnings of Life (1872); The Brain as an Organ of the Mind (1880); Paralysis (1886); Hysterical or Functional Paralysis (1893); A Treatise on Aphasia and Other Speech Defects (1898); and many contributions to medical and philosophical journals. He is recognized as an authority in the pathology of the nervous system, and was
