literature. His Practical Works, in 23 volumes, with a biography by Oriiie, were pubnslied (Lon- don, 1830), and reprinted in 2 volumes, with life, by L. Bacon (New Haven, 1844) ; also in 4 volumes, with an introductory essay by Kogcrs (London, 18CS). For his biography, con- sult: J. Stalker (London, 18S2) ; G. D. Boyle (London, 1883) ; J. H. Davies. Baxter, I'rcachvr and Prisoner (London, 1887) ; W. Orme, Life and Times of Richard Baxter (London, 1830) ; and especially his autobiograpliy, I'eliqiiiw Baxte- riaiHV, edited by Sylvester (London, 1096).
BAXTER, Robert Dudley (1827-75). An
English political economist, born at Doncaster,
Yorkshire, and educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. He became a member of the Statistical
Society of London in 1866, in which capacity
he wrote the following valuable contributions to
economic statistics: Railway Extension and Its
Results (1866) ; Xational Ineoine of the United
Kingdom (1868) ; Taxation of the United King-
dom (1869); National Debts of the Various
States of the IForW (1871) ; Political Progress
of the Working Classes (1871).
BAXTE'RIANS. The tenn formerly applied
to those who adhered to Baxter's theological
system, the peculiar doctrines of which were:
First, that though Christ died in a special sense
for the elect, yet he also died in a general sense
for all ; second, the rejection of the dogma of
Teprobation ; third, that it is possible even for
saints to fall away from saving grace. The
tendency of Baxter's views was toward a more
liberal theology, but they are deficient in logical
development. Like those of the 'New England
Theology* (q.v. ), they formed a mediating the-
ology between what were considered the hard
conclusions of Calvinism and the latitudinarian
views of Arminianism. The two most eminent
Baxtcrians were Dr. Isaac Watts and Dr. Philip
Doddridge.
BAY (origin obscure; cf. LLat. iasia, bay).
A term properly applied to an indentation of the
sea into the land, with an opening wider than
the depth. A gulf is understood to be deejier
than a bay, and has often a narrow opening.
These terms are often loosely applied; Baffin's
Bay, e.g. is really a gulf. When the body of
water is large, and the entrance narrow, it be-
comes a shut sea, as the Baltic, the Red Sea, etc.
Hudson's Bay, the Persian Gulf, and the Gulf of
Mexico might with propriety be termed seas.
BAY (OF. and Fr. hnie, berry, from Lat. haca,
berry). A name given to a nvimber of trees and
sbrul)S more or less resembling the laurel or vic-
tor's laurel {Laurus nohilis) , which is also called
Sweet Bay (see Laurel), the name bay, which
was once exclusively applied to the fruit, having
been extended to the w-hole plant. The common
laurel or cherry laurel [Prunus laurocerasus) is
sometimes called Bay Laurel. (See Laurel.)
The Red Bay of the Southern States of America
is Persea 'earoHnensis. The White Bay, or
Sweet Bay of America, is Magnolia glaiica (see
Magnolia), and the Loblolly Bay of the same
country is Gordonia lasianthns. (Sec GoRDONIA.) The California Bay-tree is Umhellularia Cnlifornica. Rose Bay is a name sometimes applied to some of the evergreen rhododendrons. From early times bay-leaves have been associated with popular superstitions and usages.
Along with other evergreen, they have adorned
houses and churches at Christmas ; and in tokeu
of rejoicing or of some meritorious deed, sprigs of
bay, as well as of laurel, have been worn in the
hat, or wreathed around the head. The leaves
of some kinds of bay are employed for flavoring
various articles of food.
BAY (OF. hayer, to gape, from Med. Lat.
badare, to gape). In architecture, one section
in a structure, including a main opening. In the
interior of a Gothic church, for instance, a bay
is a single arcade of the nave, with the corre-
sponding part of gallery and clerestory above it;
a section of the church bounded by two imagi-
nary vertical lines from roof to pavement, pass-
ing through the centre of the supporting piers.
A church has as many bays as it has nave
arcades.
BAYA, bil'ya (native name), or BAYA SPAR'ROW. An East Indian weaver-bird
(Ploccus PliiUpinus) , remarkable for its tubu-
lar hanging nest. In India, and Malaya this bird
is familiar about village houses, and is often
kept in confinement, or even as a free pet, and is
trained to do a variety of tricks, and especially
to find small articles, steal ornaments from the
hair, carry notes to certain places, etc. See
'eaver Bird.
BAYAD, ba-yfid'. A large edible catfish
(Bagriis Ijanad) of the Nile.
BAYADERE, ba'ya-der', or BAYADEER (from the Port, bailadeiria. through the Fr. bayadere, danseuse. dancing girl; cf. It. Ixillcttare, to dance, Engl, ballet). A name frequently used by Europeans to denote the dancing girls and singers of India. The title is especiaily applied to the women connected with the temples of Southern India as opposed to the Nautch girls of Northern India. As ministrants at the temples
the Indian dancing women correspond in general
to the lepiSouXoi, or hieroduli, the girls in attendance upon the shrine of Aphrodite, or Venus, at
Corinth, in ancient Greece. In Southern India these dancing girls are known as Dera-ddsis, servants or slaves of the gods, and their office is to minister to the iiarticular divinity to whom the temple may be sacred; to serve him and his priests at sacred festivals and solemn processions; to celebrate his glories and to weave the wreaths with which his image is decorated; to dance and sing twice a day before his idol at the shrine; and generally to perform subordinate duties in the temple, without participating in the celebration of certain of the most sacred rites,
and to serve the priests in various ways. Although these dancing women are the servants of the gods, the public is said to call them by the more vulgar name of courtesans or prostitutes, whether they be for the enjoyment of the idols^ or the Brahmans, or the benefactors of the sanctuaries. Hence, no doubt, comes the bad association connected with the designation ’woman of the bayadere stripe.' The ranks of the better
class of these female ministrants at the temple
are recruited, it is said, from the Vaisya, or merchant caste; the inferior class from the families of Sudras, or working people. No strong social prejudice, however, is felt against their calling. A small but fixed salary is paid to them for their services in connection with the temple, and this stipend they supplement, it is understood, in various ways peculiar to their person
