could be satisfactorily noted from the exterior. Beaumont was the first to obtain tlie f-^^trie juice from a living human being, and lie demon- strated, beyond a doubt, its chemical properties and digestive powers. He pulilished the result of his experiments iu 1833. Afterwards he re- signed from the army, and practiced medicine in Saint Louis, Mo., until his death.
BEAUMONTAGUE, bo-mon'ta-gu. A com-
position of iron borings, brimstone, pitch, sal
ammoniac, rosin, and beeswax, which is used
to fill up cracks and tiaws in an iron casting,
and so to give falsely an appearance of solidity.
The ingredients are melted in a vessel over an
open fire, and when cooled, are rolled into small
balls. When used, these are broken up, and a bit
is inserted into the flaw. A red-hot iron passed
over it forces the beaumontagiie into the crevices
of the faulty article, which, when finished, bears
no trace whatever of having Ijeen dealt with in
this way. This term is of English origin and is
seldom used in the United States.
BEAUMONT DE LA BONNINIERE, bo'-niox'dr la bfl'ne'nyar', Gustave Auguste (1802-66). A French " publicist. In 1831 he and Tocqueville were conunissioned by his Government to study the prison system of America. In 1840 he was' elected deputy from Sarthe, and sided with the so-called dynastic opposition. After
the February Revolution of 1848, he was return-
ed as a member of the Constituent Assembly, and
liere maintained the character of a sincere but
moderate Republican. He was appointed by
Cavaigiiac Ambassador to England. One of the
opjionents of the coup detat of 18.51, he was im-
prisoned for some time in the fortress of Mont
Vali'rien, and after regaining his liberty he lived
in retirement. The writings on which his reputa-
tion rests are: Du systeme p^nitentiare aux
litats-Vnis, et de son application en France (2
vols., 1832 — partly by Tocqueville) ; Marie, ou
I'exchivage aux Etats'-Unis (2 vols., 1835) ; and
L'lrlande, sociale, politique, et religieuse (2 vols.,
1839).
BEAU NASH. See Nash, Richard, and Jer-
BOLU. Dorc.i.Ai!;.
BEAUNE, bon. A town of the Department
of C'nte d'Or, France, in the ancient duchy of
Burgundy, situated in a pleasant district on the
river Bouzoise, about 23 miles south-southwest
of Dijon (Map: France, L 4). The town is
well built : it has a remarka1)le Thirteenth-Century parish church (Xotre Dame), and a fine hospital, founded in 1443 by Nicholas Robin, Chancellor of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. A communal college, a library of iJO.OOO volumes, and a museum are its chief public institutions. Its industries comju'ise distilleries, woolen-cloth and serge factories, and the manufacture of vinegar. Rcainie is the chief seat of
the wine trade of Burgundy, and gives its name
to one of the best of thi' Burgundy wines. Beaune,
as early as the Seventh Century, was a fortress
under the name of Belna, and had its castle and
its enceinte. Population, in 1890, 11,808.
BEAUNE, Florimond de (1601-52). A
French mathematician, born at Blois. He con-
tributed not a little to the development of
Descartes's method in geometry, and his notes
on Descartes's celebrated ClfomHrie have been
incorporated in Schooten's edition of that book.
The so-ealled 'Beaune's Problem' (which has
been completely solved only by Jean Bernouilli),
still given in the integral calculus, was for his
time new and remarkable; it turns on the de-
termination of the nature of a curved line from
a property of its tangent. By contributions of
this nature Beaune helped to pave the way for
the integral calculus. He was also the first to
treat systematically the question of superior and
inferior roots of numerical equations (posthu-
mous publication, 1659).
BEAUNEVEU, bo'n'-ve', André (?-c.l400).
A Flemish sculptor, painter, architect, and illu-
minator. He was born in Hainault, and was the
leader, with Sluter ( q.v. ) , in the sehool of real-
istic sculpture in Flanders and northern France
that anticipated the Italian Renaissance in hu-
manistic study. After working in sculpture and
painting at Valenciennes (1361-62) he went to
Paris in 1304 and was made Royal sculptor to
Charles V., whose mausoleum he executed,, and
besides those of Philip VI., John II., and Jeanne
de Bourbon. After his return to Flanders in
1374 he worked at ilalines (Communal Hall),
made tombs at Courtrai, and a statue of the Vir-
gin for the belfry of Ypres (1377). In 1390 he
"directed the work of sculpture and painting at
the Duke de Berry's Chateau of Mehun. His
finest remaining illuminations are in a psalter
of the Biblioth&qiie Xationale in Paris (13,091
flf.), and the royal statues and other figures re-
maining from his royal tombs are remarkable
for masterly force and intense realism.
BEAUREGARD, bo're-giird'. Fr. pron. bo'r'-giir' or bor'glir', Pierre Gustave Toutant (1818-93). A Confederate general in the Civil War. He was born in New Orleans, graduated at West Point in 1838, and in the same year became second lieutenant in the engineer corps. He was engaged in important engineering work at Newport, Barataria Bay, and Fort McHenry until 1846, when he was sent to .Mexico, and distinguished himself in the war there. He became captain of engineers in March, 1853; was engaged in the construction of fortifications at Slobile. Lake Ponchartrain, and New Orleans until 1860, and in November of that year was
appointed superintendent of West Point, which position he resigned on February 20, 1861, to serve in the Confederate Army. He was immediately made brigadier-general and placed in command of Charleston, where, on April 12-13, by the bombardment of Fort Sumter (q.v.), he began the Civil War. He defeated the Federal General McDowell at the first battle of Bull Run on July 21, and on the next day was raised to the rank of general. At tlie battle of Shiloh on April 6-7, 1862, he was second in command during the first day, and on the death of Gen. A. S. Johnston assumed chief command, subsequently withdrawing to Corinth, where he remained, in the face of General Halleck's sluggard advance, until May 29. In 1863 he defended Charleston against the attacks of Admirals Dupont and Dahlgren, and in the following year was in command at Petersburg, Va., where he retarded General Grant's advance upon Richmond. He afterwards served with the Division of the West, and surrendered with Johnston to General Sherman on April 26, 1865. After the war he was president of the New Orleans, Jackson and Mississippi Railroad from 1865 to
