BOURDON DE L'OISE. 370 BOURGET. protector of the nobles and the priests. In con- sequence of the insurrection of 13th Vendfniiaire (October 5), 179;i. he was sent as a commission- er to Chartres, where he behaved harshly and brutally. He passed from the Convention into the Council of Five Hundred, became a per- secutor of the Republicans, and joined a Royalist club. The Directory placed him upon the pro- scribed list, after the 18th Fructidor (Septem- ber 4), 1797. He was transported to Cayenne, where, in a short time, he died in great misery. BOURGELAT, boITrzh'la', Claude (1712-99). A French lawyer, the founder of the first vet- erinary school" in Europe. He was a learned lawyer, an able writer, and numbered among his "friends suoli men as D'Aleinbert, Pembroke, Voltaire, Buffon, and Haller. He was impelled to further the cause of veterinary science by his fondness for horses. In 1761 he and a minister of Lyons, named Bertin. opened the first vet- erinary school in the suburbs of that city. It was patronized by students from all parts of France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, and Denmark. From this school all other vet- erinary colleges in Europe sprang, and with them it has' kept pace, l)eing superior to the majority, and rivaling the very best, even those of Paris and Berlin. BOURG-EN-BRESSE, boorg'ilN-bres' (Fr., fort in Bresse. an ancient province of France i anciently Yilla dc Burgo in Bressia). The chief town of the Department of Ain. in F'ranee, situated on the Reyssouse, 38 miles northeast of Lyons (Map: France, M 5). The streets are crooked and narrow, but clean, and the squares are adorned with statues and fountains. In the town are the Gothic Church of Notre- Dame ( 1505- 45) , with a Renaissance portal, and the more im- portant Church of Brou (1511-36), the subject of a celebrated poem by Matthew Arnold. The Church of Brou was built by Margaret of Austria (d. 1530), wife of Philibe'rt II., Duke of Savoy (d. 1504), in fulfillment of a vow made by her mother-in-law. Margaret of Bourbon (d. 1483), and it contains the elaborate tombs of these three. Population, 1S96. 18,501. Consult Charvet, Les idifices de Brou d Bourg-en-Bresse {Paria, 1897), BOURGEOIS, bfirjois'. See Printing. BOURGEOIS, Anicet. See Anicet-Bour- GEOIS. BOURGEOIS, boor'zhwa', LfioN Victor Arr.rsTE (ISf)!— ). A French politician. He was born in Paris, and studied at the Lyc6e Charlemagne. In 1877 he became general secre- tary of the Di'partment of Mame, and in 1880 sub-prefect of Rheims. In 1882 he was appointed prefect of the Department of Tarn, in 1885 prefect of the Department of Haute-Ga- ronne. He became director of the Ministry of the Interior in 1880, and in 1887 prefect of police. He was elected deputy for ilarne in 188S, in the same year was appointed Under-Secretary of State in the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1889 became Minister of the Interior. From 1890 to 1892 he was Minister of Public In- struction, and from December, 1892, to March, 1893, Minister of .Justice. In 1895-90 he was Prime Minister. In 1898 he was appointed Minis- ter of Public Instruction, in which ])ost he dis- played high elTicicney. and from which he resigned in the same year, upon the resignation of the Brisson Cabinet. In 1899 he was the head of the French delegation to The Hague Peace Confer- ence. His best-known work is Solirlarite (1897). BOURGEOIS GENTILHOMME, boor'zhwa' zhiix'te'lum', Le ( Fr., The Bourgeois Turned Gentleman). The title of a popular comedy by Moli&re (1670). Here we meet M. Jourdain, who !iad been "speaking prose all his life without knowing it." BOURGEOISIE, bmJr'zhwii'z^' (from Late Lat. biiniensis, inhabitant of a borough). A Frencli term, now frequently eraplojed in Eng- lish, German, and other languages. It denotes the citizens of towns as a rank or class of society, including grades from heads of manufacturing or mercantile establishments down to master- tradesmen. The French bourgeoisie have long been extremely hostile to the aristocracy, but have themselves become the object of attack on the part of the operatives and of the extreme Radical or Red Republican Party. The term bourgeois, from which bourgeoisie is formed, is quite distinct in meaning from citoyen, the latter term designating a citizen of the State. BOURGES, boJirzh (Lat. Bituriges, a tribe of Gaul). The ancient capital of Berry, now of the Department of the Cher. France, the seat of an archbisliopric, and a military arsenal, situ- ated in the midst of a fertile plain, at the con- fluence of the Auron and the Y&vre, 123 miles, south of Paris (Map: France. J 4). High tow- ers still mark points on the ramparts which sur- rounded the old town. Sliady boulevards now take the place of the dismantled walls. The old town is made up of crooked streets and quaint houses: it stands in the lieart of the new town. Its most conspicuous building is the noble cathedral of Saint Etienne. with its superb flying buttresses, its five western portals, lead- ing to the five naves of the interior, which is lighted by stained-glass of unique beauty. This church was begun in the Thirteenth Century and completed in the Sixteenth Century. The House of Jacques Cieur, the banished silversmith of Charles ^"11., is the next most interesting build- ing, and is now used as the Palais de .Justice. Bourges is a centre of trade in wine, grain» cloth, cattle, hemi), and mill-stones. It has iron foundries, tan-yards, and cloth factories. Popu- lation, in 1896, 43,587. Bourges was the capital of the Gallic Bituriges, and the Roman Avari- cum, after its capture by Julius Cicsar in 52 B.C. It was successively taken by the 'isigotlis. under Euric, by Clovis, Pepin the Short, and the North- men. When Orleans was oceujiied by the Eng- lish, Charles VII. made it liis capital. Its uni- versity, at which Calvin, Aniyot, and Theodore de Beza studied, was abolished in the Revohition. It was the birtli]ilace of the astute Louis XI., the eloipient Bourdaloue, and the famous .lacques Ca?ur. BOURGET, boor'zhfi'. Lac nu. A be:uitiful lake in the Department of Savoic. France, 7 miles northwest of ChambfTy. A railway which skirts its eastern shore connects Cliambi'ry with the village of Le Bourget (population, in 1901, 1309) at the south end of the lake. The lake, inclosed by picturesque heights, is 10 miles long. 3 miles broad, and 475 feet dee]): it is famed for its 'Lavaret,' a species of fresh-water mack- erel : its outlet is by the Canal de Savi?res on the northwest, which coiinects with the Rhone. The chateau de Chatillon, the monastery of
