BUCEPHALUS. 599 BUCHAN. in Thessaly. According to tradition, Alexander in his boyhood was the first to break in the steed Buoephahis, and thus fulfilled the condition stated by an oracle as necessary tor f;aininf! the crown of Macedon. The town Bucephalia, on the river Hydaspes, in India, was founded near the grave of Bucephalus, which died during Alex- ander's Indian expedition. BU'CER. .ir BU'TZER, M.rtin (UOM.i.tI). . Church rcfuniicr of the Sixteenth Centurv. He was born November 11, 1401, at Schletlstadt in Alsace. His real name was Kuhhorn (tier., cow-horn), but. in accordance with the fashion of his time among scholars, he changed it into its Greek equivalent. Bluer being derived from ./Soiif, boiis, ox, cow + Kffaf, keras, horn, and this combination was Latinized Hucerus. In 1506 he entered the Order of Dominicans. At the sug- gestion of his superior, he went, in 151", to Heidelberg to study theology, devoting his at- tention, however, at the same time to the Greek and Hebrew languages. An acquaintance with the works of Erasmus had already inclined Bucer toward Protestantism, and his views were con- firmed by the influence of Luther at the Heidel- berg disputations in 1518, at which Bucer was present. In November, 1520. Bucer left his cell and was for a couple of years chaplain to the Elector of the Palatinate. In 1521 he was re- leased altogether from his monastic vows, and in 1522 he retired in disgust from the Court. Fol- lowing the example given by Luther at the Diet of Worms (1521), Bucer became one of the bold- est and most decided of the German reformers. In 152.'i he went to Strassburg, where he intro- duced the doctrines of the Reformation. It was his great desire to avoid theological divisions, and so he advocated compromises and the use of dubious formulas. Thus in the disputes be- tween Luther and Zwingli he adopted a middle course, and endeavored to make reconciliation between them : but his view of the sacraments, which approached that of Zwingli, exposed him to Luther's harsh reprobation, while at the Diet of Augsburg (1530), where he conducted him- self with great circumspection and moderation, he generally accorded with the Lutheran views; but, along with other theologians, declined to subscribe to the proposed confession of faith, and afterwards drew up the Confessio Tetropoli- tnna — i.e. the confession of the four cities: Strassburg, Constance, Memmingen, and Lindau. An agreement, however, was subsequently entered into between Bucer and the Lutherans, and. as a disciple of Luther he appeared at the religious conference of the Keformers held in Leipzig. He also tried to unite Protestants and Roman Catho- lics, as in the Diet of Hatisbon, 1541. He de- fended the bigamy of Philip of Hesse. In con- sequence of his refusal to sign the Interim — a temporary creed drawn up by order of the Em- peror Charles V. — Bucer was compelled to leave Strassburg, and therefore accepted the invitation of Archbishop Crnnnier (1519), and went to England to teach theology at Cambridge, and assist Paul Fagius and others in forwarding the Reformation. His modesty, blameless life, and great learning won him many friends in England; but his labors were soon interrupted by death, February 28, 1551. His remains were interred in Saint .Mary's Church at Cambridge with great .solemnity: but during the reign of Mary his bones, with those of Fagius, were taken from their graves and burned in the market-place. His constant attempts to express himself in lan- guage agreeable both to Luther and Zwingli in- duced in him at times an obscure, ambiguous, and elusive kind of thought, to which, perhaps, Bossuet refers when he stigmatizes Bucer as 'the great architect of subtleties.' The religious l)assions of the time prevented his contempora- ries from forming a fair estimate of his char- acter. By some Pmtestant writers he is ranked as a theidugian above even Luther and .lelanch- thon. His best work is a translation and expo- sition of the Psalms, which he published under the pseudonym Aretinus Felinus (Strassburg, 1529). Conrad Hubert intended to edit the whole of Bucer's writings in ten volumes, but only one volume appeared (Basel, 1577), Tomiis Anglicanus, or those writings which he produced in England. No collected edition has since ap- peared. A. Lang published Der Evaiigelien-kom- menlar Martin liut::crs und die Grnnd:iige seiner Theoloijie (Leipzig, I'JOO). For biblio- graphy, consult: F. Mentz and A. Erichson, Ztir -'lOO-jahrigen Gehurfsfeier MnriinBiitzers (Strass- burg, 1891) ; for biography, .J. W. Bauni, Capita und Butzer (Elberfeld. 18(10) ; for Bucer's rela- tions with Servetus, see H. Tollin. Hervet und Butzer (Berlin, 1880). BUCH, bOoG, Cjirtstian Leopold von (1774- 1853). A celebrated German geologist, regarded by Humboldt as the greatest geologist of his age. He was born at Stolpe, and received in- struction under Werner at the Mining Academy of Freiberg. He afterwards traveled for purposes of geological study through Germany, Scandi- navia, Great Britain. France, Italy, and the Canary Islands. As a result of his investiga- tions, the importance of chemical and volcanic processes in nature gained wide recognition among geologists. His chief writings are Geo- gnostische Beobachtungcn auf Keisen durch Deutschland und Italien (1802-09) : Reise dureh yoricegen und hajipland (1810); Physi- hiilifiehe Besehreihung der Can^irischen Inseln (1825) ; Beitrage zur Bestimmung der Gebirgs- forniatinnen in kussland (1840) ; besides sever<al monographs on paleontological subjects. He was also the author of an excellent geological chart of Germanv and the neighboring States, pub- lished in 42 plates (2d ed. 1832). Consult an English translation of Flourens, "Slemoir of Leo- pold von Buch." in the Smithsonian Report (Washington. 1802). BUCHAN, bid<'an, Axexander (1829—). A Scotch meteorologist, born at Kinnesswood. Kin- ross-shire. He was educated at Edinburgh Uni- versity, was a teacher from 1848 to 1800, and in the latter year was apjiointed secretary to the Scottish Meteorological Society. In 1871 he be- came a member of the meteorological council of the lloyal Society, and in 1878 of the council of the Koyal Society of Edinburgh, of whose library and museum he was at tile same time made curator. He has published contributions on "Atmospheric Circulation" and '"Oceanic Circula- tion" to the reports of the Challenger expedi- tion; A Uandy Book of Meteorology ( 1867) ; and an Introductory Text-Booh of Meteorology ( 1871) . He also wrote the article "Meteorology" for the Eneyelopwdia Britannica, 9th ed. BUCHAN, David ( 1780-C.1837). An English naval otlicer and explorer. He attained the
