two charges, a rector, he suffered because of his devotion to Charles I. At the Restoration, however, he again was in favor. He wrote De Enthusiasmo; but perhaps his greatest work was the pious preservation of his father's MSS. He died at Oxford, where he had taught theology, and, at the instance of Charles I., had received the degree of Doctor of Divinity. Consult: Pattison, Isaac Casaubon, 2d ed. by Nettleship (Oxford, 1892); and Nazelle, Isaac Casaubon, sa vie et son temps (Paris, 1897).
CASAULT, kȧ′zō̇′, Sir Louis Napoleon (1822—). A Canadian jurist, born at Saint Thomas. He was admitted to the bar in 1847, and from 1854 to 1858 was a member, for Montmagny, of the Canadian Legislative Assembly. From 1867 to 1870 he represented Bellechasse in the Canadian House of Commons. He was professor of commercial and maritime law in Laval University from 1858 to 1891, and puisne judge of the Superior Court of Quebec in 1870-91. In 1891 he became Assistant Chief Justice of the court, and in 1894 Chief Justice. He was one of the three commissioners appointed to adjust accounts between Ontario and Quebec, and between those provinces and the Dominion.
CAS′CA, Publius Servilius. The one among the assassins of Julius Cæsar who, according to Plutarch, struck the first blow. This was done across the back of Cesar's neck with a short sword, but the wound was not deadly, and the finishing of the work was left to Brutus and the others.
CASCADE. See Waterfall.
CASCADE RANGE. A range of mountains in the western United States and Canada forming a northward continuation of the Sierra Nevada Range (Map: Washington, C 6). It begins in Northern California near the Oregon boundary and extends across the latter State and Washington into British Columbia, where the line of elevations is continued by many small groups which are deeply intersected and eroded by river and lake systems. Its direction in the United States is nearly north and south, parallel to the Pacific Coast; in Oregon the main axis of elevations lies about 100 miles from the coast, while in Washington the distance increases to 150 miles. The limits of the Cascade Range in British Columbia are not clearly defined. The name, however, is commonly assigned to the entire plateau region stretching across the province from southeast to northwest, which is limited on the east by the lofty ranges of the Rocky Mountains, and on the west by the Island Range. The southern section of the range is crossed by the Columbia River and by the Klamath River, both of which have cut deep gorges. In British Columbia the Fraser River occupies an extensive cañon, where it passes across the range to discharge into the Strait of Georgia.
The Cascade Range in its southern section is marked by extreme ruggedness of outline and by some of the loftiest summits in the United States. In the Shasta group of California, which defines its limit to the south, are Mount Shasta, 14,510 feet, and several other peaks over 10,000 feet in height. In Oregon, it includes Mount Hood, 11,934 feet; Mount Jefferson, 10,200 feet; and Mount Pitt, 9760 feet; while in Washington is the magnificent cone of Mount Rainier (Mount Tacoma), 14,526 feet, with many peaks of lesser altitude, including Mount Baker, 10,500; Mount Saint Helens, 9750; and Mount Adams, 9570 feet. The British Columbian section contains no notable elevations, its character being rather that of a plateau dissected by numerous rivers, with a few prominences rising above the surface to altitudes of 6000 or 7000 feet. The loftier summits of the Cascade Range are extinct volcanoes, and carry heavy snow-fields and glaciers. Igneous and volcanic rocks with Paleozoic strata constitute the central mass, while later sediments form the flanks. Its slopes, in part forested with firs, pine, and hard wood, are drained by the Columbia, Klamath, and Fraser rivers and by a large number of smaller streams, all of which discharge finally into the Pacific Ocean. See topography of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.
CASCARA, kȧs′kȧ-rȧ. See Cascarilla.
CASCARA SAGRADA, sȧ-grä′dȧ (Sp., sacred bark), Chittem Bark, or Sacred Bark. The bark of Rhamnus Purshiana, the Californian buckthorn, a tree of the natural order Rhamnaceæ. The bark contains a crystallizable substance, casearin; resins, a volatile oil, and malic, tannic, and oxalic acids. A fluid extract of the bark, as well as casearin, is used for the relief of chronic constipation and also in gout. After prolonged use of it, constipation is cured in many cases, as its action is to increase the peristaltic action of the muscular fibres of the intestine. It is generally used in combination with other laxatives, and it forms an ingredient of many proprietary purgative medicines. See Bark; Buckthorn.
CAS′CARIL′LA (Sp., little bark, dim. of cascara, bark, husk, from cascar, to fall, from Lat. cassare, quassare, to shake, from quatire, to shake; associated by popular etymology with Lat. cadere, to fall). A name given in South America to many different kinds of bitter medicinal barks which form articles of commerce. Peruvian bark itself bears no other name in the districts which produce it. The name cascarilla is often used in medicine to denote the bark of Croton eleuteria. This plant is a small shrub found on the low hills of the Bahama Islands. The bark contains an essential oil, cascarillin, and a resin, and is a tonic, invigorating digestion, and pomoting the functions of the stomach. In large doses it is very nauseating.
In medicine, cascarilla is used in the form of an infusion or a tincture, in cases of fermentative dyspepsia, chronic bronchitis, and certain fevers. It is one of the aromatic bitters, and stimulates the appetite and the digestive powers, increases the flow of the digestive juices, and is a mild astringent.
CASCINE, kȧ-shē′nā̇, Le. A park about two miles long, in Florence, bordering the Arno. It is laid out in fine walks and drives and is the favorite afternoon resort of Florentine society.
CAS′CO BAY. A bay on the southwest coast of Maine, about 20 miles in width at its mouth, from Bald Head on the east to Cape Elizabeth on the west, and extending about 12 miles inland (Map: Maine, C 8). The bay contains hundreds of small islands, most of which are occupied as summer resorts, and affords an excellent harbor. Portland (q.v.) is located on the west side of Casco Bay.
