CALDICOTT. 26 CALEDONIAN CANAL. works iiK-liide many songs and jjlees ; the can- tatas The Widoic of Xain (1881) and A lihine Legend (1883) ; and the 0])erettas A Moss-Rose Kent (1883) and Old Knock les (1884). CALDIEJRO, Ual-dva'rA (anciently Lat. Co7(fa- rium. liot haths, from calidus, warm). A de- cayed town in north Itiily, 8 mih's east of
erona. Its hot suli)hur springs were known to
the Romans, hence the name Cahhirium (Map: Italy, V 2). Here on Xovenibcr 12, 1790, the Austrians repulsed Napoleon, anil on October 29- 31, 1805, a series of bloody battles between the Austrians under Archduke Charles and the Frencli under Masscna occurred. CALDWELL, kald'wel. A town and county- seat of Warren C'ount.v, N. Y.. 02 miles north of Albany, the terminus of a branch of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad (Map: New York, G 2). A picturesque location, at the southern end of Lake "George, amid mountain scenery, vies with historical associations in making the locality pop- ular as a sinnmcr resort. Forts George and" Will- iam Henrv were located here. Poi)ulation, in 1890, 1377: in 1900, 1405. CALDWELL. A village and county-seat of Noble County, Ohio, 35 miles north of Marietta, on the Cleveland and Marietta and the Bellaire, Zanesville and Cincimuxti railroads (Map: Ohio, H 6). It is a coal and iron mining, and oil-pro- ducing region. Population, in 1890, 1248; in 1900, 927. CALDWELL. A town and county-seat of Burleson County, Tex., about 85 luiles east by north of Austin, on the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad (iMap: Texas, F 4). It has a trade in the products of an agricultural and stock- raising region, and contains brick-yards, cotton- gin, grist and oil mills, marble-works, etc. Population, in 1890, 1250; in 1900, 1535. CALDWELL, Cha»ijs.s Henry Bromedge (1823-77). An American naval ollicer. He was born in Hingham, Mass., and entered the United States Navy in 1838. He took part in the bom- bardment of Forts Jackson and Saint Philip in 18(i2, and commanded the mortar flotilla in the operations at Port Hudson in 1863. In 1870 he became chief of stall in the North Atlantic Squadrcm. He reached the grade of commodore in 1874. CALDWELL, .James (1734-81). An Ameri- can clergyman, best known as 'the soldier's parscni.' He was born in Virginia, graduated at Princeton in 1759, became pastor of the Presby- terian Church at Klizabetlitown, N. J., in 1702, and was a zealous patriot during the Revolution. In 1780 the Tories burned his house and church, and soon afterwards a British force from Staten Island fell upon the village of Connecticut Farms (now Union, N. J.), where Caldwell's wife an<l children had taken refuge, and nuirdcred his wife while she was i)raying with her children. The story is told of Caldwell's distributing hymn- books to some soldiers who were short of wad- ding, with the exhortation, "Now, boys, put Watts into them." He was shot and killed by a patriot sentinel during a dispute about a package that the soldier declared it his duty to examine. The siddier was tried by the civil authorities for nuirder. and was convicted and e.ecuted. A fine monument to Caldwell was dedicated at Elizabethtown on the sixty-fourth anniversarv of his death. CALDWELL, S.vmuel Lunt (1820-89). An American educator. He was born in Newhury- port, Mass., and graduated from Waterville (now Colby) College in 1839. and from Newton Theo- logical Institution in 1845. He held pastorates in Bangor, Maine, and Providence, R. 1., for twenty-seven years, and was professor of Church history at the Newton Seminary from 1873 to 1878. He then became second president of 'as- sar College, succeeding Dr. .1. H. Rjiinond, and held this position until 1885. CA^LEB (dog). The name both of an individ- ual and of a Kenizzite clan, mentioned in 1. Sam. .xv. 3; Num. xxxii. 12; Judges i. 15; 1. Chron. ii. 9 al. It was probably of Edomitish origin. Before the time of David (c.1033-993 B.C.), it was established in Hebron and its neighborhood. Caleb ben Jephunneh is the eponymous hero of the clan, representing its advance from Arabia into the Negeb. In the story of the spies. Num. xiii. 0, it even represents .Judah. Post-exilic genealogies connect Caleb closely with .Terahmeel. as a young- er brother, and both through Hezzron and Perez with .Judah. It is possible that these genealo- gies retleet vaguely the outlines of a history, of which northwestern Arabia and the Negeb were the scenes, before the different elements were welded together into the kingdom of Judah by David. CALEB. (1) The foster-mother of Saint George in the tScven Chaniijions of Christendom. (2) A caricature of Lord Grey of Wark, in Dryden's AI)salom and Achitophcl. CALEB WILLIAMS. A novel by William Ciodwin, published in May, 1794. It is a study in the relativity of ethics. For the plot, see Falkl. d. It was <lramatized by Colmaii the Y'ounger. See Iron Chest, The. CAL-EDCNIA (Lat, Gk. KaX-qSofla. Kaledo- nia, still retained in Cymr. Coed Celi/ddoii. Cale- donian Forest). The name given to the northern part of Britannia, beyond the firths of Forth and Clyde, by Tacitus and the later Romans. The derivation is very uncertain. Agricola attemjjted the conquest of Caledonia, which he invaded in A.D. 80 and the following years. In 84 he de- feated Galgacus, who had formed a unicm of all the tribes, but was i)revente(l, by liis recall, from pursuing the conquest. Later Hadrian, Se]itimius Severus. and others attempted to sul)due Cale- donia, but the inhabitants succeeded in maintain- ing their independence. The natives made con- stant incursions into Britain. In the Fourth and Fifth centuries, under the names of Scots and Piets (q.v.). they preyed upon the Britons, espe- cially after the withdrawal of. the Roman legions, until the island was occupied by the Angles and Saxons. See Britannia, and Scotland. CALEDONIA, New. See New Caledonia. CAL'EDO'NIAN CANAL. A chain of natu- ral lakes in Scotland, 02 miles long, united by artificial canals and traversing the (ireat (ilen of Albin,in Inverness-shire,froni northeast to south- west, and connecting the North Sea with the At- lantic. The lakes are Beaulv, Ness, Oich, Lochy, Kil, and Linnhc (Map: Scotland, D 2). They communicate by cuts 120 feet broad at the sur- face, 50 feet at the bottom, and 17 feet deep, the total length of these artificial channels being 23 miles. The canal was formed to avoid danger- ous and tedious navigation by the Pentland
