commander exhorted his men to the end with the words, “Don't give up the ship!” Out of a crew of 379, the Chesapeake lost 61 killed or mortally wounded, and 85 severely and slightly wounded; while out of a crew of 330, the Shannon lost 33 killed and 50 wounded. The Chesapeake was taken as a prize to Halifax, was afterwards used as a British war-vessel, and in 1820 was sold as old timber. Consult: Henry Adams, History of the United States, Vol. IV. (9 vols., New York, 1889-91); McMaster, History of the People of the United States, Vols. III. and IV. (New York, 1883—); Cooper, History of the Navy of the United States (2 vols., London, 1839); Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812 (New York, 1882); and Barnes, Naval Actions of the War of 1812 (New York, 1896).
CHES′APEAKE BAY (N. Amer. Indian, great salt water). The largest inlet on the Atlantic coast of the United States (Map: United States, L 3; Maryland, M 5). It penetrates Virginia and Maryland, and is 200 miles long, with a maximum width of nearly 40 miles, but an average width of less than 20 miles. Its entrance, 12 miles wide, has on the north Cape Charles (q.v.), and on the south Cape Henry (q.v.). This bay has numerous arms, many of which are the estuaries of navigable rivers, such as the Susquehanna, Gunpowder, Patapsco, Patuxent, Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James rivers on the western shore, and the Elk, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, and Pocomoke rivers on the eastern shore. Unlike the shallow sounds in North and South Carolina, this network of gulfs and estuaries, with an average depth of from 30 to 60 feet (usually the latter in the main channel), affords navigation for the largest vessels. In consequence, Baltimore and Norfolk are extensive shipping ports. Chesapeake Bay is noted for its extensive oyster-beds, and the vast numbers of waterfowl which frequent its waters. The shore lands of the bay produce a great amount of garden stuff, which is sent to Baltimore and the Northern markets. Chesapeake Bay is connected with Delaware Bay by canal.
CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG. See Field Dog.
CHESELDEN, chĕs′el-den, William (1688-1752). An English surgeon and anatomist. He commenced his medical studies in 1703, established himself as a lecturer on anatomy in 1711, and in the following year was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He was afterwards appointed surgeon to Saint Thomas's, Saint George's, and Westminster hospitals, where he acquired a great reputation as an operator. His principal works are: Anatomy of the Human Body (1713), long a text-book on the subject in England; a Treatise on the High Operation for the Stone (1723); and Osteology, or Anatomy of the Bones (1733).
CHESHIRE, chĕsh′ēr (for Chestershire, from Chester, the capital of the county + shire). A maritime county in the west of England, bounded north by the river Mersey and partly by the Irish Sea (Map: England, D 3). Its area is 1009 square miles. The surface forms an extensive, nearly level plain between the Derbyshire and Welsh mountains, chiefly occupied by grazing and dairy tracts, which are among the most important in England. Dairy farming and cheese-making are the principal agricultural industries. Cheshire is also an important manufacturing county. The chief mineral products are rock salt and coal. The chief towns are Chester (the county town), Macclesfield, Stockport, Congleton, Knutsford, and Birkenhead. Population, in 1891, 730,058; in 1901, 814,550.
CHESHIRE, Joseph Blount (1850—). An American Protestant Episcopal clergyman. Bishop of North Carolina. He was born at Tarboro, N. C., graduated at Trinity College (Hartford, Conn.) in 1869, and practiced law from 1872 to 1878. He was ordained priest in 1880, was consecrated bishop coadjutor in 1893, and bishop in the same year. His publications include The Early Conventions of the Episcopal Church in North Carolina (1882), and various pamphlets and addresses. He has edited Sketches of Church History in North Carolina (1892).
CHESHIRE CHEESE. See Cheese; Cheese-Making.
CHES′HUNT. A town of Hertfordshire, England, on the Lea, about 7 miles south of Hertford and 14 miles north of London (Map: England, F 5). It is famous for its rose-gardens, and has a large theological college. Population, in 1901, 12,300. Cheshunt was probably a Roman station. Consult Cheshunt College (London, 1868).
CHESNEY, chĕs′nĭ, Charles Cornwallis (1826-76). A British military engineer and critic. He was a brevet colonel in the British Royal Engineers, and for many years was professor of military history at the Staff College at Sandhurst. He first attracted general attention by A Military View of Recent Campaigns in Virginia and Maryland (1863), and in 1868 published his Waterloo Lectures, perhaps his ablest work. He also published The Military Resources of Prussia and France (1870), and Essays in Modern Military Biography (1874). The latter contains valuable critical estimates of the military careers of Generals U. S. Grant and R. E. Lee, and of ‘Chinese’ Gordon.
CHESNEY, Francis Rawdon (1789-1872). A British soldier and explorer. In 1829 he inspected the route of the Suez Canal and proved the undertaking to be feasible, so that De Lesseps forty years afterwards styled him the ‘Father of the Suez Canal.’ He is especially known, however, as the explorer of the Euphrates, and the founder of the overland route to India by way of that river. He wrote: Expedition for the Survey of the Euphrates and Tigris (1850), and Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition (1868). Consult his Life, by his wife and daughter, edited by Stanley Lane-Poole (London, 1885).
CHESS (OF. esches, Fr. pl. échecs, from It. scacchi, Med. Lat. scacci, from Pers. shāh, king). The origin of this, the most intellectual of all games of skill, has been much disputed; but it is safe to say that under the Sanskrit name of chaturanga, consisting of four members, a game essentially the same as modern chess was played in Hindustan in very remote ages. Marked traces of its early Asiatic origin may still be discerned in its nomenclature and other characteristics. From Hindustan, chess spread into Persia, and thence into Arabia. The Arabs, it would appear, introduced it into Spain in the Eighth Century; though it may have been im-
