CHUKCH. 729 the "rule ot legitimate pastors," and especially Bubjeetion to the Bishop of Rome as Vicar uf Christ. L'nder these general deliiiitioiis a great variety of forms of outward organization are recognized. The jxiiinl government makes all authority finally dependent upon the Pope, who is the Bishop of Home. The cpiscoiHil govern- ment is administered by bisliops, who are all essentially equal in honor and authority, al- though tlicre may be archbishops who have a certain priority and jurisdiction over other bishops in defiiiite particulars. (See Bishop.) Tiie piishylirutit government puts authority in the hands of elders (q.v.), ministerial and lay, elected ultimately by the congregation. (See Pkesiiyteki.vnism.) The coniiregational govern- ment puts the entire authority over each local congregation of believers in that congregation alone. (See Coxgkegatioxausji.) All Protest- ants understand by the true Catholic Church (invisible), the whole number of the truly re- generated. Various theories are held as to the manner in which the life of the Church is per- petuated, that maintained by the great majority of Christians, the members of the Roman Catho- lic, Eastern, and Anglican churches, being known as the theory of apostolic succession (q.v.), while the Protestant churches in general, agree- ably to the definition quoted above, postulate no formal system of handing down the Church from age to age. For the discipline of the Church, see DisciPUXE, Ecclesiastical. See also Creeds AXD Confessions; Sacraments; Worship. Ever since the Emperor Constantine the Church has had the status of a corporation, and been enabled to hold property. This has con- sisted in lands and buildings and in invested funds, the income of which was variously ap- plied to the purposes of the Church. Under the American system this property is derived solely from gifts of private individuals, but the State protects the Church in the enjoj-ment of its property. See Civil Church Law. CHTIRCH, Alfred .John (1820— K An English educator and author, born in London. He was educated at King's College, London, and at Lincoln College, Oxford; ordained (1853); assistant master of Merchant Taylors' School, London (18.i7-70) ; head master of Henley Gram- mar School (1870-72), and of Retford Grammar School (187.3-80); professor of Latin in Uni- versity College, London (1880-88); rector of Ashley, Tetbury, Gloucestershire (1892-97). He has done much to diflfuse a knowledge of ancient culture. Among his works are a tran.slation of Tacitu.s, in conjunction with W. J. Bro<lribb (1862-77): stories from Homer. Vergil, Livy, the Greek tragedians, and Herodotus; Rumaii Life 1)1 the Days of Cicero (1883); Tico Thousand i'rars Af)o (188.7) ; To the Lions, a tale of the early Church; and Carthage (1886). Church also edited a collection of translations from Ten- nyson into Latin verse, under the title HorcB Ten- nysnniance ( 1868 ) . CHURCH, ARTiim Herp.ert (1834—). An Engli-li chemist, born in London. He received his education at King's College. London, and at the University of Oxford, and in 1863 was made professor of chemistry in the agricultural col- lege of Cirencester. In 1879 he bi-iame professor of chemistrv in the Roval Academy of Arts. He lectured at Cooper's Ilill from 1888 to 1900. and presided over the ilineralogical Society from CHURCH. ISOS to 1901. Besides several new minerals, in- cluding churchite. which is named after liim, he discovered the animal pigment turacin ; and he also carried out a number of interesting researches in organic, inorganic, physiological, and industrial cliemistry. His published works include the fol- lowing: Precious Stones (ISS'A) English Earth- cnuare (1SS4) ; English Porcelain (1886) : Food Grains of India (1886); Color (2d ed., 1887); The L<ihonitorij Guide (1894); and food (1901). CHURCH, Benjamin (1639-1718). An early New England soldier, famous as an Indian fight- er. He was born in Duxburv. llass., founded the town of Little Compton. Mass., in 1674, and took an active part in the war against King Philip, who was finally defeated and killed by a force under Clmrch, in 1676. In 1689 he ccuiraandcd a futile expedition against the In- dians in the Kennebec region, and in the follow- ing year was again sent into Maine, where he captured several Indian forts along the Andro- scoggin. In 1704 he commanded a force of about 700. which, in retaliation for the French and Indian attack upon Deerfield, destroyed Grand Pre and Beaubassin in Acadia. From memoranda kept by him, his son, Thomas Church, published in 1716 a book entitled Entertaining Passages Relating to Philip's TTVir — as also of Expe- ditions more lately made against the Common Enemy and Indian Rebels in the Eastern Parts of Aeic England — "a soldier's bluff narrative of his own dangerous and enticing adventures," which was widely read during the colonial period, ap- peared in numerous editions, and was reprinted in Boston under the editorship of H. M. Dexter in 1S6.1-67. CHURCH, Frederick Edwin (1826-1900). An American painter, a pupil of Thomas Cole. He was born in Hartford, Conn., May 4, 1826. The ■works which gave liin^ prominence are a "Tiew of East Rock, near Xew Haven." and "Scenes in the Catskill Mountains." He visited South America in 1S.53 and 1857 ; and in Ecua- dor and Xew Granada made sketches for a num- lier of paintings, some of which have attained great celebrity, such as the "Heart of the Andes," •'On the Cordilleras," and "Cotopaxi." Another celebrated work is the '"Horse-shoe Fall, Xiag- ara." He visited .Jamaica, and afterwards Europe and the Holy Land. Some of his other works are "Damascus," ".Jerusalem," "The Parthenon," and "Tropical Scenery." Church had a fine pictorial sense and good feeling for correct composition, but his attention to and fondness for details often marred the breadth of his most important canvases. His sense of landscape seems mainly pictorial, and as he antedated the new move- ment of light and air which of recent years has done so much to remove landscape from the merely pictorial school, his work depended large- ly on scenic interest for its popularity. He sought remote countries and unfamiliar regions for his subjects, which he often painted on a large scale; but, owing to his want of breadth in treatment, they have failed to be permanently impressive. He drew with care, and filled his canvases with multitudinous details which ex- lited respect for his skill : but they are not con- vincing proofs of a profound love of the verities of nature, and are far removed from the sincerity of Constable, let us say, who, much earlier, in- r.uenced for sood all landscape art in America. He died in Xew York City, April 7, 1900.
