CHYTRAUS. CIBBEB. CHYTRAUS, k*-tra'oo5 (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. Xin"po«)5. chytruios, made of earthenware, from Xi>r/)o, vliytra, pipkin; a translation of his family name Kochhafe, lit. cooking-pot), David (1530- JGOO). A Lutheran theologian. He was horn at Ingellingen, Wiirltemberg, studied at Tiihingeu and Wittenberg: was a pupil of ilelanehthon, and became professor of theology at Kostoek. His learning and talents gave him a high position, and he was employed by Maximilian II. to ar- range the allairs of the Evangelical Church in Austria. He was the principal author of the statutes of Helmstedt, and one of the authors of the Formula of Concord. lie left a number of imiiortant theological works. CIALDINI, ehal-de'ne, ExRico, Duke of Gaeta ( ISl l-'.i_' I . An Italian general, politician, and diplomat. He was born at Castelvetro, near Jlodena, and studied in the University of Parma. He took part in the abortive insurrection of IS31, and was forced to escape to Paris. In 1833 he fought in Portugal, and in 1835 he joined the Spanish Ami}'. At the outbreak of the Italian Revolution of 1848, Cialdini took command of a regiment of Piedmontese infantry, and subse- quently was captured by the Austrians. In the Crimean ^^■ar he commanded the third division of the Sardinian contingent, and took a distinguished part at the battle of the Tcher- naya. At the beginning of the war of 1859 he was intrusted by Cavour with enlisting the famous corps of sharpshooters known as the Cac- ciatori delle Alpi ("Hunters of the Alps'), after- wards commanded by Garibaldi. The fourth divi- sion of the army was led by Cialdini, who won the victory of Palestro, but further progress ol the Italians was stopped by the ])eace of Villa- franca. In IS60 Cialdini defeated the Papal army under General Laniorici&re, at Castelfi- dardo. Diplomacy delayed the fall of Gaeta till February 13, ISGl, when it yielded to Cialdini. He was now made General of the Army and Duke of Gaeta. Turin erected a statue to the victor, and Reggio elected him Deputy. He became Sena- tor in 181)4, and took a prominent part in the campaign against Austria in 18GG. replacing La- mamiora as Chief of the General Staff. In 1876- 79 and 1880-81 he was Ambassador to France. CIAMPI, cham'pe, Igxazio (1824-80). An Italian poet and historian, bom in Rome. He studied law there, attained considerable reputa- tion as an attorney, and became a mcirtber of the Roman Council of State. From 1874 until his death he was professor of modern history at the University of Rome. Among his poetical works are Serena (1857), the collection Poesie rarie (1857), the epic Stella (18.58), and a complete edition entitled Poesie (1880). His valuable his- torical studies include La cittA etrusca (1866). InnoceiKO X. e la sua corte (1878). and, most important, the Storia moderna della scoperta deW America alia pace di Westfalia (2 vols., 1881-83; ed. by Castagnola). CIAMPI, SERA.STIANO (1769-1847). An Ital- ian author, born at Pistoja. From 1803 to 1818 he was a professor in the University of Pisa, and from 1818 to 1822 at Warsaw. His publications include: Memoric della vita di Messcr Cino da Pigtoja (1808), De Vsu Linguw Italicw saltern a Sceculo Quinto (1817), and a Bibliografia critica delle antiehe reciproche corrispondenze dell' . Italia colla Russia, Polonia, etc. (1834-43). He also did much to further the study of art history. CIAMPOLI, cham'p6-le, DoiiENico ( 1855 — ) . An luiliaa ;uilhor, born at Atessa, in the Abruzzi. He was called to the chair of the history of literature in the Lyceum of Ancona. His chief literary work has been in the domain of prose liction, with scene in the wild Apennine region. The Fiabe abru:zesi (1877) and Conti abruzzesi (1880) are examples. As a critic of Slavic literature, he published Melodic russe (1881), and other volumes. CIAN5A, the-iin'tha, A^-DRES de (c.1500— ). A Spanisli judge, born at Pcualicl. He went to Peru with Pedro de la Gasca in 1546, became a member of the royal audience, and was president of the audience in 1550-51, from the departure of Gasca for Panama until the arrival from Spain of Don Antonio de Jlendoza, the second viceroy. He was a judge of the court-martial which, after the battle of Sacsahuana, in 1548, condemned to death Gonzalo Pizarro (q.v.) and Francisco de Carbajal (q.v.). CIARDI, ehar'de, Gugoelmo (1844—). An Italian painter. He was born in Venice, studied at theAcadcmy there, and further perfected him- self in his art in Munich and Paris. His land- scapes are effective; but he is best known for his marine views, drawTi for the most part from the waterways of Venice, or the immediate environs of the city. His canvases have been widely and successfully exhibited. .Among them may be men- tioned "Porte d'Anzio" (1879), "Lagoons in the Sunshine" (1883), "Canale della Giudecea" (1885), "After the Storm" (1886), "Clouds of Spring," and "Tenetian Lagoons with Fishing- boats." CIBAO, sS-ba'o. A central mountain range of Santo Domingo, Haiti (q.v.) (Map: West Indies, M 5). It extends 20 miles from northwest to southeast and attains an altitude of over 7000 feet in the highest peaks of the island. The chief rivers of Haiti rise in the range: between the mountains and along the north coast extend the fertile valley and plain of Santiago, watered by the Yaque. Columbus supposed the range to be part of the Cipango (Japan) of Marco Polo. Gold in considerable quantities has been found here since Ojeda's first expedition of discovery in 1494. CIEBER, slbOjer, Caius Gabriel (1630-1700). A Danish-English sculptor, born at Flensburg. in Schleswig. He was sent to Rome to study, and then went to England with the sculptor Stone. Among his works are the figures of "^lelancholy and Raving Madness," once over the entrance to the Bethlehem Hospital, but now in the South Ken- sington Museum ; the phoenix above the south door of Saint Paul's Cathedral, and one of the bas-reliefs on the Monument of London. His son was ColU'V Cibber, the dramatist. CIBBEB, CoLLEY (1671-1757). An English actor and dramatist, born in London. In 1682 he was sent to the free school at Grantham, in Lincolnshire. Five years thereafter he returned to London, and in 1688 was a volunteer in the forces raised by the Earl of Devonshire in sup- port of the Prince of Orange, He afterwards turned to the stage, and after performing gratu- itously for several months, he obtained an en- gagement at 10s. per week, whi^ was raised to
