CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 795 CIVIL-WAR VETERANS. General Canby. The last lijiht ol" the war took plate -May 13, ISlio, on the liio Grande. The last C'onl'ederate army in the lield — llie Trans- Mississippi — was surrendered by Kirby 8niilh, on ilay 2G. At the moment of final victory oc- curred the assassination of President Lincoln, on April 14. The number of Federal soldiers in the field during the war was 2,06ti,9!)9, the number draft- ed and held to service being 43,347 ; furnished .substitutes, 73,607; paid commutation, 80,724; total drafted, 20G,(i78, to which should be added 87,588 credited to the States under the draft of 1SU2; makinjr in all drafted, 294,200. The amount of commutation moneys received by the Government was .'?20,300.310.78; the amount of bounties paid by the United States (Jovern- ment was .'?300,223'.500; by State and local au- thorities, .$28.5,941.030. the casualties in the Federal Army numbered 3.59,528; 110,070 men vere killed in action or died of wounds; and 249,- -toS men died from disease, accident, or other causes. The entire available force capable of ac- tive service in the field, enrolled in the Confed- erate armies, was jibout 500.000 men. Their entire loss in killed and wounded durinj; the war was about 95.000 men : that from disease, accident, and other causes is unknown. During the war Confederate cruisers, fitted out mostly in British ports, scoured the ocean, doing irreparable dam- age to the commerce of the United States, {See Alar.vma Ci,. rs.) After the evacuation of Richmond, .TelTerson Davis, President of the Confederacy, fled south, and was captured Mav 10, 1865, at Irwinville, Ga., by General Wil- son's forces, as he was attempting to make his escape farther south. In company with cer- tain others of the prominent leaders of the Confederacy, he was imprisoned for a time, but was not eventually punished. See Nui-lifi- ■CATiox ; Reconstruction ; United States ; Lin- coln; Grant. Bibliography. Two brief general works are : A Hhort History of the War of Secession, bv Johnson (Boston, 1889), and T. A. Dodge, Bird's-F.ye View of Our Civil War { Boston, 1883). A more detailed work is the History of the American Civil War, by Draper (3 vols., Xew York, 1867-70). An important though un- finished military history is that by J. C. Ropes, t-lory of the Civil War (2 vols.. New York, 1899). A series of valuable monographs on various campaigns of the war is Scribner's <'amijaigns of the Civil War (Xew York, 1881) ; and a notewortliy collection of essays, largely by participants in the events descri1)ed. is The Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, edited by -Fohnson and Buel (4 vols.. Xew York. 1887). The original material bearing on the war has >ieen published by the T'nited States War Depart- ment, in an extensive series, begun in 1880 and <?ompleted in 1901. entitled War of the Rebellion: Conifiilation of Official Records of the T'ninn and Confederate Arrnies (Washington). Xumerous vohimes of military memoirs have been written hy officers of the two armies; and some of them, notably Grant's Memoirs, are of great value. There is also a Uistory of the Civil War. by the Comte de Paris (4 vols.. Philadelphia. 187.5-88). For particular phases of the conflict, consult: .T. Bigelow. France and the Confederate Tfavy (New York, 1888) ; .1. D. Bulloeh, Secret Service of the Confederate States (London, 1883) ; and J. Vol. IV.— oL Fiske, The Mississiji/ji alley in the Civil War (Boston, 1900). With reference more particu- larly to the political aspects of the war, con- sult; Jeil'erson Davis, Jtise and Fall of the Con^ federate (juvcrnnunt (2 vols., Xew York, 1881) ; Giddings, History of the Rebellion (Xew York, 1864) ; Greeley, The American Conflict (2 vols,, Hartford, 1864-66) ; Logan, The Great Con- spiracy (Xew York, 1886); Pollard, The Lost Cause (Xew York, 1868) ; and vol, i, of Blaine, Twenty Years in Congress (2 vols,, Xorwicii, 1884-93). See, also; Moore, Rebellion Record (11 vols,, Xew York, 1861-71) ; an<l McPherson. I'ulilical History of the (Ireat Rebellion (Wash- ington, 1864). Recent works of value are; The Civil War and the Constitution, by Buigess (2 vols., Xew York, 1901); vol. vi.of Schouler, History of the United States Under the Consti- tution (New York, 1899) : and Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of It^oO (4 vols., New York, 1893-1S!I9). CIVIL WARS IN FRANCE. A play by Dekker and Drayton, produced in 1598. CIVIL-WAR VETERANS, Societie.s of. Associations of veterans of the United States Civil 'ar or their descendants. The predominant ])ur- pose of these associations is social; occasionally, however, political aims have been added, as in the case of the Grand Army of the Republic, which has striven successfully for the increase of the pension list and rate, and has become recognized as a considerable factor in national politics. The oldest of the Civil War associations is the .Military Order of the Loyal Legion, (See Loyal Legion,) Membership in this society is re- stricted to officers of the army, navy, and marine corps, and to their oldest male lineal descend- ants; thus following closely, in organization, the Society of the Cincinnati, The most influ- ential as well as the largest of the societies of the Civil War is the Grand Army of the Repub- lic (q.v.). This organization admits to mem- bership any soldier or sailor of the army, navy, or marine corps who was honorably discharged. It has two auxiliary organizations, known as the 'Woman's Relief Corps,' which admits to membership mothers, wives, daughters, and sis- ters of Union soldiers, and the Sons of Veterans, which is composed of lineal descendants of tho.se who served in the Civil War. Similar to the Grand Army is the Union Veteran Union (see Veteran Union, Union), the membership clause of which, however, is more exacting, requiring service for a term of three years. This society also has an auxiliary society, known as the Ladies of the Union Veteran Union, and the l.o.val Guard, for its junior male members. The Union ^'■eteran Legion ( see Veteran Legion, U'nion) admits to membershi]) only participants in some battle who possess an honorable dis- charge from the army. In addition to the fore- going, there are three special organizations, whose character is indicateil by their names. They are: The Society of the . iiy of the Ten- nessee, organized on April 14. 186.5; the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, organized Feb- ruary 6, 1868; and the .Society of the Anny of the Potomac, organized September 2, 1868. There was formerly a Society of the Army of the .James, but that was merged, in 1876. into the Society of the Army of the Potomac. There are also numerous corps societies, such as that
