CRUZ Y GOYENECHE. 634 CKYPTO-CALVINISTS. the outbreak of the Peruvian campaign joined San Martin's army (1820), advancing to the rank of grand marshal". Shortly before his death he was a]>i)ointed ^Minister of -Marine. CRYING BIRD. See Courlan ; Limpkix. CRY'OLITE (Gk. k^iSos, K-ryos, frost + XWos, lithos, stone). A sodium and aluminum fluoride that crystallizes in the monoclinic system. It is fcund chiefly in west Greenland, near Arksuk, where it occurs as a large bed in a granite vein, and in El Paso C'ounty, Col. Cryolite is an im- portant ore of aluminium (q.v.), and is used in the manufacture of alum, sodium hydrate (for making soap) sodium cai'bonate, and other salts. It is also employed in the making of an opaque white glass, sometimes called hot-cast porcelain, which is said to be prepared by fusing together 100 parts of silica, 35 parts of cryolite, and 15 parts of zinc oxide. CRYOPH'ORTJS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. Kpios, l-ri/os, frost + 4'^pei.i', pherein, to bear). An in- strument consisting of a glass tube with a bulb at both ends, from which the air has been ex- hausted. A little water is present in one of the bulbs, and when the second bulb, containing only water-vapor, is placed in a freezing-mixture. CEYOPHORUS. the vapor condenses, thus ])roducing a diminu- tion of pressure, which causes more vapor to rise from the water in the first bulb. The result of this evaporation from the first bulb is the ab- straction of much heat, and eventually the remaining water freezes. CRYPT, kript (I.at. crypt a. Gk. Kpim-T-q, kryptc, cry])t, vault, from Kpinrruv, kri/pteiii, to hide). A term usually employed to designate a chamber under a church, wholly or partly sub- terranean; but it was anciently used to mean a subterranean chapel in the catacombs. As a part of a church, it developed out of the confes- sion (q.v. ), of which it was the logical enlarge- ment. Like the confession, its prime object was to provide a place under the high altar for the safe custody of the relics of saints: a confession became a crypt when it was large enough for an altar, with room to worship the relics. The cir- cular passage of the larger confessions thus be- came a chamber occupying at least the space from the high altar in the transept to the end of the apse; like the apse — whose outline it fol- lowed — it usually had a semicircular ending. It was reached from the church by a single or a double staircase, usually in the neighborhood of the high altar in the nave or side aisles. Al- though some cr^-jits existed as early as the sixth centui-y. it was not until the Carolingian period (ninth century) that such chambers attained to any size; but from that time until the thirteenth century', they formed a very important part of church architecture, especially of the Roman- esque style. They usually do not occupy more space than that which lies beneath the transept. choir, and apse of the upper churcli. but some- times they extend under the entire body of the church, including nave and aisles, as in Saint Eutrope at Saintes, the Catliedral of Otranto, and San KicolO, Bari. In such cases it is not always easy to distinguish them from the lower section of a double or two-storied church, such as those of Saint Francis at Assisi (q.v.) , the Sainte Chapelle, Paris, Le Puy-en-Velaj-, and Schwartz- Ithemdorf. Some of the early large crypts were connected with the concentric ehurclies of the Holy Sepulchre type, such as Saint Benigne at IJijon, Ottmarsheim, Saint ilichael's at Fulda, where the crypt has the same periphery as the church (ninth to thirteenth century). Where, as is usual, the crypt in a basilical or cruciform church extends only beneath the choir end, the pavement here is often raised above that of the body of the church, so as to give greater height to the crypt. This adds picturesqueness to the interior. Sometimes the change of level is so great that the centre of the crypt opens widely upon the nave by one long central stairway, and two side staircases ascend to the choir. In such cases the crypt is a])t to be a very monumental structure. Such are the crypts of San Zeno, at Ve- lona; of San Miniato, at Florence; of the Cathe- dral of Arezzo ; of the Abbey Church of Saint Denis, of the Cathedral of Strassburg (the largest in Germany) . and many others. The double choirs — one at each end — that were eonnnon in Ger- man churches from the time of the old Cathedral of Cologne (814-73). and the Abbey Church of Saint Gall, usually had a crypt under each choir, as existing in the Cathedral of Bamberg. In Eng- land the finest crypt is that of Canterbury; next to it, that of Glasgow Cathedral. Of course, all crypts were of necessity vaulted, in order to sup- port the weight above. A few are tunnel-vaulted, as the example at Steinbach- Jlichaelstadt ; but the immense majority are covered with groin- vaults, supported by a forest of columns. In Italian churches, especially in Apulia and the Poman Province, the usual division is into seven aisles by six rows of colinnns. Farther north. heaA'y piers are often substituted for the slen- derer colimms. especially when the church above is vaulted. These supports were usually placed closer together than those above. Crypts are not only interesting in themselves, and from their great variety of plan and arrangement, but be- cause, on accoimt of their protected subterranean situation, they have sufl'ered less from vandalism and are often the only remaining part of a media?val church. With the age of cathedrals and churches of the Jlendicant Orders, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, crypts were no longer used, because the cardinal idea of this era was to provide immense interiors on a single level for large congregations, instead of interiors divided by a raised choir into two sections. CRYP'TO - CAI-'VINISTS. A name given to Mclanchthon and those who agreed with hira in wishing to unite the Lutherans and Calvin- ists, and especially in his supposed leaning toward the Calvinistic view of the Lord's Supper as shown in the difference between the original and the altered Aug.sburg Confession. The former said: "The body and blood of Christ are truly present in the Lord's Supper in the form of bread and wine, and are there distributed and received by the communicants; therefore the op- posite doctrine is rejected." In the latter, the last clause is omitted. Luther did not approve the alteration, but tolerated Jlelanchthon's change of doctrine, llanv. however, called him
