Vienna, 1874); K. Tieftrunk, Historie literatury české (3d ed. Prague, 1885); Fr. Bayer, Stručné dějiny literatury české (Olmütz, 1879); Bačkovský, Zevrubné dějiny českého písemnictví doby nové (Prague, 1888). German: Pypin and Spasovich, Geschichte der slawischen Litteraturen, bd. 2, abt. 2 (Leipzig, 1884). English: Francis, Count Lützow, A History of Bohemian Literature (New York and London, 1899).
CZEGLÉD, tsĕ’glād. A market-town of Hungary, about 46 miles southeast of Budapest (Map: Hungary, F 3). The inhabitants are chiefly employed in agricultural pursuits, the surrounding country being particularly adapted to the raising of grain and fruit. Considerable red wine is produced. Population, in 1890, 27,549; in 1900, 29,905.
CZEKANOWSKI, chĕ’ka-nō̇v’skē̇, Alexander (1832-76). A Russian explorer. He was born in Volhynia, and studied at Kiev and Dorpat. Banished to Siberia in 1863 because of his participation in the Polish insurrection of that year, he was five years later permitted to settle at Irkutsk. Here, as the agent of the Imperial Geographical Society, he began a series of geological investigations extending along the Lower Tunguska, the Olenek, and the Lena, the results of which were published chiefly in Petermann's Mitteilungen (1874 et seq.). Amnestied by the Government, he returned to Saint Petersburg, where, during an attack of melancholy, he committed suicide.
CZELAKOWSKY, chĕ’lȧ-kō̇v’skē̇. See Celakovsky.
CZENSTOCHOWA, chĕn’stō̇-Kō̇’vȧ. A town of Russian Poland in the Government of Piotrkow, situated near the left bank of the Warthe, on the Warsaw-Vienna Railway. It consists of the old and the new town, and is of considerable industrial importance. There are a number of large cotton-mills, iron-foundries, paper-mills, breweries, flour-mills, etc. Population, in 1897, 45,130. Czenstochowa owes its fame to the adjacent monastery of the Order of Saint Paul the Hermit, situated on the Warthe and visited annually by over 200.000 pilgrims. The chief attraction is the picture of the Virgin, made of dark wood and known among the Catholics of Poland and Russia as the Black Virgin. It is supposed to be of Byzantine origin and to have been brought to the monastery at the end of the fourteenth century. The monastery was formerly fortified, and in 1655 withstood a siege of thirty-eight days by the Swedish troops.
CZERMAK, chĕr’măk, Jaroslaw (1831-78). A Bohemian painter, brother of Johann Nepomuk Czermak, the physiologist. He was born in Prague, and studied in that city under Christian Ruben, in Antwerp under Gallait, in Brussels, and finally in Paris under Robert Fleury. His early paintings treated chiefly subjects from the history of Bohemia, but later he devoted himself more and more to genre scenes. After a journey in 1858 through Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia, Dalmatia, and Montenegro, when he made abundant studies in national types and costumes, the life of the southern Slavs became his favorite field. Among his most noteworthy pictures are: “Murder of Wallenstein's Companions at Eger,” “Slavonian Emigrants,” “Norman Fishermen in a Boat Reading the Bible” (1850); “The Court Poet of Rudolf II. Begging on the Bridge of Prague” (1854); "Hungarian Swineherd" (1854); “Montenegrin Woman and Child” (1861); “Rape of a Herzogovinian Woman by Bashi-Bazouks” (1867); “Return of Montenegrins to Their Devastated Village” (1877).
CZERMAK, Johann Nepomuk (1828-73). A German physician, born in Prague. He studied at the universities of Vienna, Breslau, and Würzburg, and was appointed a lecturer on physiology and microscopic anatomy at the University of Prague. Subsequently he held a professorship of zoölogy and comparative anatomy at Graz (1855-56), and of physiology at Cracow (1856-58), Pest (1858-60), Jena (1865-09), and Leipzig (1869-73). At Leipzig he erected at his own expense a laboratory and an auditorium specially arranged for demonstrations in experimental physiology. He is best known for having made notable improvements in the laryngoscope and for having been the first systematically to employ that instrument. His publications include Der Kehlkopfspiegel und seine Verwertung für Physiologie und Medezin (1860; 2d ed. 1863). Consult the biography by Springer in the Gesammelte Schriften (2 vols., Leipzig, 1879).
CZERNOWITZ, chĕr’nō̇-vĭts (Ruman. Cernăuz). The capital of the Austrian Crownland of Bukowina, situated on a hill near the right bank of the Pruth, about 164 miles east-southeast of Lemberg, not far from the Rumanian and Russian frontiers (Map: Austria, J 2). Most of the public buildings are quite modern. Among the more noteworthy ones may be mentioned the Archiepiscopal Palace, a handsome Byzantine structure, the Greek Oriental Cathedral, copied from the Church of Saint Isaac in Saint Petersburg, the Armenian Church, and the sumptuous Jewish synagogue in Moorish style. Czernowitz is the seat of a Greek Oriental archbishop. Its educational institutions include a university founded in 1875, with a library of 60,000 volumes, a gymnasium, industrial and trade schools. It has manufactures of machinery and oil. There are also saw-mills and breweries. Population, in 1890, 54,171, of whom 27,000 were Germans, 10,000 Ruthenians, 8000 Rumanians, 8000 Poles, the above figures including more than 17,000 Jews counted with the Germans and Poles according to the language used by them; in 1900, 69,619. Up to 1774, when it was occupied by the Austrians, who made it the capital of Bukowina, Czernowitz was an unimportant village.
CZERNY, Karl (1791-1857). An Austrian pianist and composer, born in Vienna. He was at first instructed by his father, Wenzel Czerny (1752-1832), then studied under Beethoven, with whom he was a great favorite, and under Clementi. At the early age of fifteen he was in great demand as a teacher and also rapidly won high reputation as a virtuoso. Among his pupils were Liszt, Thalberg, Jaell, and Kullak. He left over 1000 compositions, of which his instructive works for the pianoforte are of permanent value. They are "Die Schule der Geläufigkeit," op. 299; "Tägliche Studien," op. 337: "Die Schule des Virtuosen," op. 365; "Die Schule der Fingerfertigkeit," op. 740; and others.
CZERNY, Vincenz (1842—). An Austrian surgeon, born at Trautenau. Bohemia. He stud-
