DICTIONARY. 220 DICTIONARY. tan, Mongolian, ami oven Cliincse. ( See Zneharitr, liiiiischc Wurtcrbiichfr, Strassbur}:. 181I7.) Of Old and Middle Iranian (Avestan and Palilavi) there are Init two native dictionaries, one Aves- tan-Palilavi, and the other I'ahlavil'azand (both ' edited by llauj; and .laniaspji, Hoinbay and Lon- don, lS(>7-70, the former also by Keielielt, Vien- na. 1!M)0). In Modern Persian there is a lon^ list of lexicons, both {leiieral and special, which are based upon Arabic models, the oldest one, perhaps, written by A--aili, Kirdusi's teacher, dating from the eleventh centnry. In the classical languages, (.ireek and Latin, we find evidences of lexicographical work at an early period. Dic- tionaries of language in a form with which we are familiar are of modern origin. They are an outgrowth of the importance of Greek and Latin literature to the scholars of the -Middle Ages, and may be traced to the media>val custom of insert- ing marginal glosses or explanatory words in te.xts of classical authors. The bilingual dic- tionary in particular is due to the closer inter- course of the various nations of the more modem world. The Ureeks and Romans did not conceive of a work containing all the wonis of their own or of a foreign language, and their early dic- tionaries were simply glossaries of unusual words or phrases. Athen:rus tells of Alexandrian schol- ars such as Zenodotus, librarian of the great library, who compiled books containing foreign phrases and a glossary of Homer: and of Artc- midorns of n.c. 240, who prepared a book of technical terms on cooking. Both have been lost. According to Suidas. Apollonius. the Sopliist of the days of .ugustus, wrote the earliest Greek lexicon, which was entitled A^{cis 'OnripiKai, {l.cxeis Uomcril.-ai) , or Homeric TVorrfs-, pub- lished last by Bekker, of Berlin, IS.S.S. This is the most ancient extant. Other Alexandrian lexicographers were -Elius Mtrris (A.n. 100), the Atticist, who wrote a Greek (Attic) lexicon (edited by Hudson. Oxford. 171'2), and Harpo- cration (fourth century), who <(impos<'d a lexicon of the Attic orators (edited by Dindorf, Oxford, lS,i3). Ammonius, professor of grammar at Alex- andria, prepared a book of homonyms, published by Valckenaer in 17:i!l (also Ix-ipzig, 1.S22). In this same book is edited the work of Zenodotus on the cries of animals, which is similar to Vineento C'aralncci's Lexicon Vociim iimc a lirulix Atiimalibux I'mitttintur (Perugia, 1779). Hesyehius, of the latter part of the fifth century a.d.. wrote a lexicon containing short explanations of Greek words with qiuita- tions from authors. The first edition is the Aldine (Venice. 1.514). the latest that of Schmidt (.Jena. 18(i7). Orion, of Thel)es, Egj'pt. of about -the same period, wrote an etymological dietionari', which was printed last in 1820 at Leipzig by Sturz. Krotian, a physician of Xero, prepared a lexicon <m Hippocrates arranged in alphabetical order by a later writer, edited by Klein. Leipzig. ISfi.'). .Tulius Pollux, of Xancratis. Egj-pt. who was made professor of rhetoric at .thens by the Emperor Gonunodus, wrote the Ononifinlleon referred to above, which is a work of great value for the language and for the study of antiquities. It first appears in the .Mdine edition ('enice. 1.500). There is an edition by Dindorf (Tx-ipzig. 1S24). The most famous of Greek writers of glossaries is Suidas. whose period is' thought to be the tenth century A.u. lie prepared an al])habetical dictionary of words, with jilacc and personal names and nuuiy quotations from Greek writers and scholars. This book was first (irinted at Milan in U'.IU and again in an excellent edition by Ik'rnhardy, Halle, 1853. Other Byzantine lexicographers are Photius of the ninth century (edition by Xalx-r. l^yden, 18t)4), and .lolm Zonaras of the twelfth cen- tury (edition by Tittmanii. Leipzig, 1808). Gais- ford, at Oxford, published in 1S48 a (Jnrk glos- sary of the eleventh century known as Ehimulo- i/icuiii MiiijiiUDi, which contains many passages from ililferent writers and many references of an historical and mythological character. EudiK-ia Augiista. of Macreml)olis, wife of Constantine XL and Romanus IV. (10o!t-71), prepared an historical and mythological dictionary which she called 'lutla, Ionia, Bed of Violets. In the work of Crastoni. a native of Piacenza. we have the first tireek and Latin lexicon. There is an .ldiiie edition of 14!I7. To the same time belong (Jua- riua's Thexdiiius. and that of Thomas, known as the monk Theodolus. In l.")72 at Geneva ap- peared the Tlnsaiiriis llrcrca- Liiiifua- of Henri Estienne (Stephanus), reedited by Dindorf at Paris, 1865, the most complete Greek lexicon published. The first (ireek-English lexicon is that of .John .Jones. London. 1823, although the work of John Pickering, which was incomplete, dates in 1814. The most useful Greek-English lexicon is the Liddell and .s;cott (8th ed.. -New York. 1S"J7), also in abridged form. Pape. Uor- terhuch rlrr i/ricchischen Eificiiiiaiin n (Bruns- wick. 1875-80) is of value for proper names. Special Greek lexicons worthy of mention are: (Ircck-Enfilisli Lexicon of the cir Testament, by J. II. Thayer, a revision of Grinnn's Wilke's Claris .Yori Testament i (London. 1880); (Ireek Lexicon of the lloman and Hi/^anline Periods, by E. .. Sophocles, revised by .J. H. Thayer ( ih., 1887). and for modern Greek, A<Ji/(6> 'EXXijio- o77ikAi'. Modern-(;reck-English ami English- Modern-Greek, by (.'untopoulos ( :!<! cd. Athens, 1889). In Latin lexicography we think first of M. Terentius 'arro. who wrote De Linr/ua Latino, a work on etymology and the uses of words, then of X'errius Flaceus, living in the days of .Augus- tus, who wrote De 'erhorum Sifini/iealii. which is extant in the compilation of Pompcius Festus, entitled pr Sinni/iculione Verbornm. which was aliridged by Paiilus Diaconus of the eighth cen- tury. The words are arranged alphabetically. This work has l>ecn of great service in giving information on antiquities and grammar. I>es3 familiar are the dictionary of I'apias of the eleventh century based on glossaries of the sixth and seventh, and the Catholicon or Snmma of Giovanni Balbi. dating about 128(> and now a curiosity as printed by (iuteiiberg in 1400. It passed through twenty editions. The earliest polyglot was the work of an .•Sugnstine monk, Colepino. dating at lieggio 1502. .l first it was a Latin-<;rcck lexicon, then e^tcnchrl to include Italian. French, and Spanish, and finally in the edition at Basel in 15!I0 (here were eleven lansiiages. The great Latin dictionaries are Thesniirns Linrjun- Lntinw of Robert Estienne (Paris. 1531). refidited down to 1734: and (lie Totiiis Leriron J.nlinilntis by Forcellini (Padua. 1771, this edition being published with
