DOLL. 863 DOLLINGER. introduced into Englaud and America, but the ex- treme cheapness of jieasant labor and the won- derful skill acquired by successive generations in the art of doll-making, still cn.able this hand- made product to compete successfully with the output of the factory. As in the case of most other toys, dolls were at one time imnortcd into Great Britain chiolly from the Netherlands: and hence not an unusual name for a doll was 'a Flanders baby.' These old I'lcmish or Dutch dolls were made of wood, with neatly formed faces and flashy dresses, the cheaper kinds having slender wooden legs, ilost of the dolls made about ISGO were the long, slender, kid or clotli .bodied dolls, with heads of papieriuachL' or china. Xext came the beautiful wax dolls, with natural ring- lets, eyes that open and shut, and apparatus in- side by which they could I)e made to squeak and sometimes say 'Papa' and "Mamma.' These dolls, though very beautiful, were both expensive and perishable, and are no longer manu- factured. Last of all came the wooden-bodied jointed dolls. These were invented by a French- man called Jumeau, and for a time were made wholly in France: but a jointed doll equally good, though less costly, is now made in (lermany. China and bisque heads of dolls are made in little village factories in Continental Europe, the manufacture being limited by the village au- thorities on account of the smoke nuisance which it creates. Papier-macho and other composition heads are usually molded at home. In making dolls, the work is divided among the' members of the household, the father molding the different parts of the doll, the mother painting them and making the wigs, while the children put the parts together. After completion, the dolls are taken to a general collecting house. The manufacture of rubber dolls is a branch of the industry which is chiefly carried on in large factories. A recent development is the modem rag baby, a doll made from printed cloth and stufTed into the well-rounded form of a baby. This fonn of doll is printed in bright colors, and is lari'rly made in America. DOLXALOL'LA. The Queen in Fielding's burlesque Tom Thumb. She has a trifling weak- ness as regards strong drink, and is a bit of a shrew. She is enamored of Tom Thumb. DOLLAB,. The unit of value in the monetary systems of the t'nited States and Canada. The name itself is derived from .Toachimsthal. in Bo- hemia, where the counts of Schlick, in the fif- teenth century, struck large coins of silver from the metal found in the neighborhood. These were known as 'Jnachiiiif:tlinlrr,' or. by abbreviation, 'thaler,' from which, through the Low German dnirr, the word dollar is derived. .mong the multitude of coins which prevjiiled before the present centur^■. certain issues came to be regarded as standard by reason of the ex- eellenee of their manufacture, and became inter- national coins of wide circulation. Tt was thus that a valley in the recesses of the Bohemian mountains gave the name to the monetary unit of Prussia before the establishment of the German Empire, and to that of the T'nited States. Canada, Mexico, and other countries. Somewhat similar IS the derivation of tlic term 'florin.' familiar in the Netherlands and Austria, and represented in the En^rlish coinase. from coins manufactured in the Middle Ages in Florence. Vol. VI.— 24. The American dollar, established by the Coin- age Act of I7!I2, was taken from the Spanish dollar in circulation in the colonies, corrcsjiond- ing roughly to the average weight of the dollar, though it was slightly less than the legal weiglit. While the dollar, since ITU2, has been the unit of value in the United Stales, it was, prior to 1S73, but little represented by coins of this de- nomination. The silver dollar, by the act of 1702, weighed 416 grains, and had a fineness of .8H24. This weight was changed liv the act of .lanuarv 18, 1837," to 4121/2 grains, ."'JOO fine, at which it still remains, although a number of silver dollars, called trade dollars, weighing 420 grains each, were coined in 1873, in order to facilitate trade with China and .Japan. Prior to 1873 oidy 8,031,- 238 dollars were coined. Large amounts of the half-dollars, which were then exactly half the size of the dollar, were, however, coined. Fiirtlior coin- age of the silver dollar was authorized l)y the acts of Fehruaiy 28, 1878, and July 14. 18!H). Gold dollars, weighing 2.5.8 grains, with a fineness of .900. were authorized to be coined by the act of
- Iarch 3, 1849, and over lO.OOO.OOO were thus
coined before the coinage was discontinued (September 26, 1890). By the act of March 14, 1900. the gold dollar was declared to be tin; stan- dard of value in the United States, but no pro- vision was made for the issue of a coin corre- sponding to the unit. See Money. DOLXAEDEE' (probably from dollar, on ac- count of the color). A local name, in Kentuckj', for the blue sunfish {Lepomis pallidus) . See SuNFLSii; and Plate of Darters and Sunfish. DOLLAR-FISH (so called on account of the color and >hape). A local name in ilaine for the butterfish (Stromatetis iriacanthus) . DOLLART, drd'art. A shallow, nearly land- locked inlet of the Xortli Sea at the mouth of the river Ems, between the Prussian Province of Hanover and the Dutch Province of (ironingen (Map: Xetherlands, F 1). It is about 13 miles in length b}- 7 in breadth, and was formed by in- undations of the sea, the first of which took place in the latter half of the thirtcentli century and the last in the sixteenth century. By these watery inroads a large number of villages were submerged, and thousands of persons perished. Since then, part of the land has been reclaimed, especially on the Dutch shore. DOLLINGER, delllng-er, .Johann Joseph Ig- NAZ VON (1799-1890). A distinguished German Roman Catholic theologian and historian. He was born at Bamberg, Bavaria, February 28, 1799. He was educated there and at the Uni- versity of Wiirzburg, where his father was pro- fessor of aniitomy and physiology'. He was ordained a priest in 1822. In 1823 he became a teacher at Aschaffenburg; in 1826, professor of Church history and ecclesiastical jurisprudence in the newly established University of Munich, and began an extraordinary career as histori.an, politician, publicist, disputant, and councilor. His first book. Hip Lehrr vnii drr Eucharist ic in den crsinn dre< Jahrhunderten (1826), was writ- ten at .Aschatrenburg. In 1828 he pul)lished a history of the Reformation as the continiation of IIorti;;'s llandhuch der K irrhenf/esrh irh te. In 1832 he was appointed defensor matrimonii. (See Defenoer of the Marriage Tie.) In 1833- 35 he published a Qesvhichte der christlichen
