DOMBROWSKI. 368 DOME. ian canipnign. In the campaign of 1799-1800 Donibrowski gave proofs of remarkable cour- age. After the Peace of Amiens he became a general of division in the service of the Cisal- pine Republic; and after the battle of Jena he was ordered by Xa|>oleon (1806) to summon his countrymen to arms. His entrance into War- saw at the liead of the Polish divisions resembled a classical triumph. At Dirsehau and Friedland he won fresh laurels. In the fatal Russian cam- paign of 1812 he commanded one of the three divisions of the Fiftli Army Corps, and at the passage of the Heresina saved from destruction the relics of Poniatowski's corps. In 1813. at the head of his Poles, he took an honorable part in the battles of Tellow. Orossbeercn. .Tiilerbogk, and Leipzig. After the fall of Xapoleon Doni- browski returned to Poland, and in 1815 was ap- pointed by Ale.ander 1. a general of cavalry and a Polish Senator; but in the following year he withdrew from public employment to his estate in Posen. He. died June 6, 1818. Consult: Chodzko, Histoire des Icffions polonaises en Italic sous le commandemcnt du ginf-rai Dombroicski (Pari<. l!<-2lli. DOMBROWSKI, .Iaroslaw (1835-71). A Polish Socialist agitator and revolutionist. He was born at Czitomir. Volhynia, and entered the academy of the general staff at Saint Peters- burg in 1848. Owing to his complicity in the insurrection at Warsaw, he was in 1864 con- demned by the Russian Government to fifteen years' imprisonment at hard labor, and trans- ported to Siberia. Before arriving at his destina- tion, however, lie esca[XMl and ilcd to Paris (1865). Upon the outbreak of the War of the Commune, March 18, 1871, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Communist forces sta- tioned at Asni&res by the Central Committee of the National Guard. In the following month he succeeded to the chief command of the entire Revolutionary forces: but after fighting at Xeuil- ly and Montmartre. was killed by the Government troops while defending the barricade at the Bou- levard Oriiano. D0MDAN1EL. An immense submarine cav- ern near Tunis: a seminary for the black arts, introduced in the continuation of the .Irofcian Tales. Southey narrates its final destruction in Thalaha. DOME (OF. donit;, Fr. dome, from Lat. domus, Ok. S6fu>s. OChurcli Slav, domfi, Skt. rfu ma, house; connected ultimately with OHG. ximbar, Ger. Zimmer. Icel. limhr. AS.. Kngl. ti/nbcr: the word is also influenced by Lat. doma, Gk. Swua. house). A term in architecture bearing a twofold mean- ing. It is loosely used, after the fashion of the Ocniian Doni and Italian Diii>mn, to designate n cathedral or some other building of importance, but its only genuine English scientific meaning is that of a spherical or polygonal covering of a building. Strictly speaking, it designates only the outer structure or surface of such a covering, the inner structure or surface being a riipnla (q.v. ) ; but in general usage dome means the en- tire covering. It may be of any material — wood, stone, metal, earthenware, etc. It may be built of a sinule mass, like the Pantheon, or a double or even triple series of concentric coverings, like Saint Peter's in Rome or S.Tinl Mark's in Venice. Where there are several such connected surfaces, the outer docs not necessarily follow the outline of the inner one. In fact, in many such cases as Saint Mark, and even more so in the Russian churches with their outer bulbs, there is very little resemblance of outline. Some domes curve directly from their base; others are raised on a special conical base called a drum. Historically the dome falls into two great divi- sions — the period before and after the iuveiilion of the dome on pendentivcs; or, roughly speaking, the period before and after Saint Sophia in Con stantinople. It was an early form, though not as early as the tunnel vault. It was known to the Assyrians and Persians (we do not yet know of its use by Egyptians or Babylonians), who used it over houses and palaces, sometimes with low, semicircular outline, sometimes with high ovoidal or pointed outline. These domes were made usually of brick and rested on solid walls. Where these walls were square, the transition was effected by bracket-like projections at the base of the dome. The Pehisgic and Mycenojan tribes also used the dome, but they built it of stone, and its supporting walls were always cir- cular. The dome itself was often merely a false dome built up of ovcrlap])ing horizontal stone courses, with their overlap subsequently cham- fered off. Such was tlic Tholns of .treus at Mycenae. The early Italian tribes, as well as those of Gree<e, used this kind of dome, which appears in Etruria and Latiuni (e.g. Vetulonia), where there even apjiear signs of the Oriental form. The Romans, however, appear to have been the first to give really monumental expres- sion to the dome. With -them it was a bell-like mass of concrete casting resting solidly upon its circular base, as at the Pantheon, built by Agrippa, which remains the largest masonry dome in the world. 142 feet in diameter. This dome was fa<'ed with brick, and its walls inter- penetrated by interacting arches which served to liold the concrete filling until it hardened. Such domes were built on wooden centrings. Smaller examples are the Temple of Minerva, at Mcdice, near Rome, and some of the halls in the theriiia>. This form was popular in the Christian period for mausoleums (Santa Co.stanza, Rome), and sometimes for churches (San Stefano Rotondo, Rome), but es]iecially for baptisteries. In the sixth century, after tentative attempts at Bozra and Ezra in Syri;i. at San Vitalc, Ravenna. San Lorenzo, ililan. and Saint Sergius and Bacchus ill Constantinojile. the problem of suspending the dome on pendentivcs connected with piers, instead of on solid walls, was solved in the Church of Saint Sophia. Constantinople. In this way not only could the dome be used over any kind of grouiiil plan, but several domes could be grouped above the same interior. This was an invention, therefore, of Byzantine iirchiteclure. The pendenliics (q.v.) were curved triangular spaces bounded by arcs of circles connecting four square planes intersecting the circle at the base of the dome. The arches in these square planes were themselves supported on piers. Such domes were built np of independent material, not cast in concrete, and the units were usually hollow conical tile made of specially light earth, to less- en the weight. The skill sliown in Saint Sophia was never afterwards duplicated, other Byzan- tine domes being much smaller and usually ar- ransred in groups. The lateral thru«t of these domes was received on buttresses or on the vaults of galleries and aisles. The Byzantine dome was
