DORSIVENTRALITY. 403 DORY. ferently relatcil to the enviroiiiiu'iit. For ex- aniple. the thallus body of an ordinary liverwort, lilce Jlarchanlia, is dorsiventral. It is prostrate, so that one surface (the dorsal) is exposed to the air and sunlight, and tlie other (the ventral) is in contact with the earth or other substance on which the plant grows. As a consequence of these dilTerent exposures, the two surfaces are ^ not only unlike in appearance, but they give rise to dill'erent org-ans. In Marcliantia. for example, the dorsal tissues, being exposed to light, de- velop chlorophyll, and the dorsal surface, being free, gives rise to the reproductive bodies: while the ventral surface puts out rhizoids (simple root- like structures) which penetrate tlie substratum and act as holdfasts and absorbing organs. Ordi- nary horizontal leaves are illustrations of dorsi- ventral organs, the two surfaces usually differ- ing in appearance, and the dorsal and ventral tis- sues differing even more decidedly in their ar- rangement. For example, the dorsal (upper) epidermis of such a leaf is often made up of compact cells without stomata ('breathing pores'), and is covered by a well-developed cuti- cle: while the ventral (lowers surface contains multitudes of stomata and may be hairy. In such a leaf the dorsal working cells (mesophyll) are elongated and packed closely together to form 'palisade tissue,' while the ventral cells are loosely aggregated. These differences in struc- ture are due to the character of the exposure, as is evidenced by the fact that if a very young dorsiventral leaf is fixed in an inverted position, the normally dorsal region will develop the ven- tral arrangement of tissues, and vice versa. JIany underground stems, such as those of the common ferns and the ordinary rootstocks of seed- plants, are dorsiventral, giving rise to roots be- neath and leaves or branches above. As con- trasted Avith a dorsiventral structure, the 'radial structure* is one in which all sides are exposed alike, and such organs as are produced are repeat- ed uniformly about the centre, as in an ordinary upright stem with its radially arranged leaves. See Leaf. DORSTE'NIA. See Contkatebva. DORT. See Dorubecht. DORT, SrxoD of. The largest and most im- portant legislative council ever held by the Re- formed Churches, the confessional outcome of which, the "Canons of the Synod of Dort.' have binding doctrinal force upon the Reformed Dutch Churches. It was convened on Xoveraber 1.3. 1618, dissolved May 9, 16I!I, and held 154 formal sessions. The language of the synod was Latin. Its expenses, amounting to over 100,000 guilders. were borne by the States-General of Holland, which convened it and invited all branches of the Reformed Church to participate. It consisted of .S4 clerical and 18 secular delegates. Of these, 58 were Dutch, England sent 8. the Palatinate and Hesse 7. Switzerl.ond 7. Bremen 3 delegates. Those appointed by Brandenburg were excused on account of age; those by the Xational Synod of France were forbidden by the King to leae tlu! country. The sessions were public, and well at- tended. The ostensible object of the gathering was to compose doctrinal differences in the Church; its prai'tical outcome was the condemna- tion of .rminianism as represented by the Re- monstrants, defended by B.Trneveldt. Orotius. and most eloquently by Simon Episcopius; but op- posed by the Government, headed by the Stadt- holder. I'rince Maurice of Nassau. The entire Dutch delegation were orthodox; Utrecht alone sent -Vrminian delegates, and they were not al- lowed to sit. The synod listened totheargumcntsof the Itemonslrants, but was uninlluenced by them. On May S, lUl'J, it was voted, Hesse and KngUmd alone dissenting, that the Arniinians should be ex- cluded by the synods and Clas.scs from their eccle- siastical places. This drastic order was subsequent- ly ruthlessly executed. The canons adopted are rigorously C'alvinistic, and cover the famous live points: (1) Divine Predestination ; (2) Death of Christ [limited atonement]; (3) Corruption of Man; (4) Irresistible Grace ; (5) Perseverance of the Saints. The Belgic Confession and the Heidel- berg Catechism were also adopted, and a revision of the Dutch Bible from the Hebrew and Greek was ordered. The closing of the Sj'nod of Dort was followed within a few days by the execution of Barnecklt, the victim of the jealousj' and ha- tred of Alaurice of Nassau. Consult Schaff, Creeds of Christendom vol. i. ; and for te.xt. id., vol. iii. (Xew York, 1884). See ABiiiNitis; Ei'i.scopirs ; GoMARus. DORTMUND, dCirt'munt. One of the chief towns of the Prussian Province of Westphalia, and a notable raining centre, situated near the Emscher, about 73 miles northeast of Cologne (Map: Prussia, B 3). The city was formerly surrounded by a massive wall, but it has been removed and the site converted into handsome promenades. Four of its churches are worthy of notice — the Church of Saint Reinoldi. a fine speci- men of the Transition period, dating from the thirteenth century ; Saint JIary's, built about 1150. in the Romanesque st.yle; Saint Peter's, completely restored; and the Roman Catholic parish church. The only secular building claim- ing especial attention is the weather-beaten Rathaus, dating from the thirteenth century. Public affairs are administered by a municipal council of forty-eight members and an executive board of sixteen. The municipal activity has in every way kept pace with the great increase of population since 1870. The educational in- stitutions embrace two municipal gymnasia, an industrial school, numerous elementary schools, and a municipal theatre. The charitable institu- tions under municipal direction include the gen- eral hospital, an orphan asylum, and a day nursery. Dortmund is in the most fertile part of Westphalia, and is an important railway cen- tre. Owing especially to its situation in the midst of the Vestphalia coalmining district, it has rapidly grown as sn iron-manufacturing point, its leading industry being the manufac- ture of locomotives, cars, and various kinds of heavy machinery. There are flour and saw mills, and numerous breweries. Population, in 1890, 89.003: in 1900, 142,418. The history of Dortnumd goes back to 900. It became eventually a free Imperial city, and finally joined the Hanseatic I.eague. It began to decline in the fifteenth century, and especially from the time of the Thirty Years' War. It has fully shared in the general modern prosperity of Prussia. DO'RY, or DOBE, dd-ra' (Fr. dar^e, gilded, Lat. dcatirare, to gild, from de, down + aurum, gold). (1) A local name about the upper Great
